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Robot."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Modular reconfigurable robot (MRR) systems have attracted growing attention because of their versatility and ability to operate across diverse domains. Research on MRR systems has made notable progress, evolving from laboratory settings to real-world applications. However, a gap remains in aligning MRR technologies with specific needs, and a comprehensive review of challenges in practical applications is still lacking. To address these issues, this Review adopts an application-oriented perspective. Focusing on locomotion, manipulation, and construction, it proposes a previously unreported perspective centered on real-world demands. The Review outlines these needs and identifies major challenges facing MRR systems, categorized into three areas: general hardware challenges, general software challenges, and application-specific challenges. 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