{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:10:11Z","timestamp":1791220211070,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Space observations of the Middle East show that geopolitics and armed conflict have drastically altered air pollution emissions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,22]],"date-time":"2015-08-22T02:35:43Z","timestamp":1440210943000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Abrupt recent trend changes in atmospheric nitrogen dioxide over the Middle East"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Jos","family":"Lelieveld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany."},{"name":"The Cyprus Institute, 1645 Nicosia, Cyprus."},{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Beirle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"H\u00f6rmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgiy","family":"Stenchikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1029\/97GL00599","article-title":"The global impact of human activity on tropospheric ozone","volume":"24","author":"Levy H.","year":"1997","unstructured":"H. Levy II, P. S. Kasibhatla, W. J. Moxim, A. A. Klonecki, A. I. Hirsch, S. J. Oltmans, W. L. Chameides, The global impact of human activity on tropospheric ozone. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 791\u2013794 (1997).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2006.08.028","article-title":"Integrated effects of air pollution and climate change on forests: A northern hemisphere perspective","volume":"147","author":"Bytnerowicz A.","year":"2007","unstructured":"A. Bytnerowicz, K. Omasa, E. Paoletti, Integrated effects of air pollution and climate change on forests: A northern hemisphere perspective. Environ. Pollut. 147, 438\u2013445 (2007).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1136674"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change T. F. Stocker D. Qin G.-K. Plattner M. Tignor S. K. Allen J. Boschung A. Nauels Y. Xia V. Bex P. M. Midgley Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press Cambridge 2013).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107415324"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3586","DOI":"10.1021\/es0523845","article-title":"The global atmospheric environment for the next generation","volume":"40","author":"Dentener F.","year":"2006","unstructured":"F. Dentener, D. Stevenson, K. Ellingsen, T. Van Noije, M. Schultz, M. Amann, C. Atherton, N. Bell, D. Bergmann, I. Bey, L. Bouwman, T. Butler, J. Cofala, B. Collins, J. Drevet, R. Doherty, B. Eickhout, H. Eskes, A. Fiore, M. Gauss, D. Hauglustaine, L. Horowitz, I. S. Isaksen, B. Josse, M. Lawrence, M. Krol, J. F. Lamarque, V. Montanaro, J. F. M\u00fcller, V. H. Peuch, G. Pitari, J. Pyle, S. Rast, I. Rodriguez, M. Sanderson, N. H. Savage, D. Shindell, S. Strahan, S. Szopa, K. Sudo, R. Van Dingenen, O. Wild, G. Zeng, The global atmospheric environment for the next generation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 3586\u20133594 (2006).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5719","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD021435","article-title":"Long-term changes in lower tropospheric baseline ozone concentrations: Comparing chemistry-climate models and observations at northern mid-latitudes","volume":"119","author":"Parrish D. D.","year":"2014","unstructured":"D. D. Parrish, J.-F. Lamarque, V. Naik, L. Horowitz, D. T. Shindell, J. Staehelin, R. Derwent, O. R. Cooper, H. Tanimoto, A. Volz-Thomas, S. Gilge, H.-E. Scheel, M. Steinbacher, M. Fr\u00f6hlich, Long-term changes in lower tropospheric baseline ozone concentrations: Comparing chemistry-climate models and observations at northern mid-latitudes. J. Geophys. Res. 119, 5719\u20135736 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2257","article-title":"Decreasing emissions of NOx relative to CO2 in East Asia inferred from satellite observations.","volume":"7","author":"Reuter M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"M. Reuter, M. Buchwitz, A. Hilboll, A. Richter, O. Schneising, M. Hilker, J. Heymann, H. Bovensmann, J. P. Burrows, Decreasing emissions of NOx relative to CO2 in East Asia inferred from satellite observations. Nat. Geosci. 7, 792\u2013795 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D04302","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009021","article-title":"Trends, seasonal variability and dominant NOx source derived from a ten year record of NO2 measured from space","volume":"113","author":"van der A R. J.","year":"2008","unstructured":"R. J. van der A, H. J. Eskes, K. F. Boersma, T. P. C. van Noije, M. Van Roozendael, I. De Smedt, D. H. M. U. Peters, E. W. Meijer, Trends, seasonal variability and dominant NOx source derived from a ten year record of NO2 measured from space. J. Geophys. Res. 113, D04302 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L10801","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL033521","article-title":"Assesing the distribution and growth rates of NO\n                     x\n                   emission sources by inverting a 10-year record of NO2 satellite columns","volume":"35","author":"Stavrakou T.","year":"2008","unstructured":"T. Stavrakou, J.-F. M\u00fcller, K. F. Boersma, I. De Smedt, R. J. van der A, Assesing the distribution and growth rates of NOx emission sources by inverting a 10-year record of NO2 satellite columns. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L10801 (2008).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6459","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-6459-2009","article-title":"Analysing spatio-temporal patterns of the global NO2-distribution retrieved from GOME satellite observations using a generalized additive model","volume":"9","author":"Hayn M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"M. Hayn, S. Beirle, F. A. Hamprecht, U. Platt, B. H. Menze, T. Wagner, Analysing spatio-temporal patterns of the global NO2-distribution retrieved from GOME satellite observations using a generalized additive model. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 6459\u20136477 (2009).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50118","article-title":"Economic crisis detected from space: Air quality observations over Athens\/Greece","volume":"40","author":"Vrekoussis M.","year":"2013","unstructured":"M. Vrekoussis, A. Richter, A. Hilboll, J. P. Burrows, E. Gerasopoulos, J. Lelieveld, L. Barrie, C. Zerefos, N. Mihalopoulos, Economic crisis detected from space: Air quality observations over Athens\/Greece. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 458\u2013463 (2013).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5887","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05887","article-title":"Evolution of NO2 levels in Spain from 1996 to 2012","volume":"4","author":"Cuevas C. A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"C. A. Cuevas, A. Notario, J. A. Adame, A. Hilboll, A. Richter, J. P. Burrows, A. Saiz-Lopez, Evolution of NO2 levels in Spain from 1996 to 2012. Sci. Rep. 4, 5887 (2014).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-1393-2009","article-title":"Severe ozone air pollution in the Persian Gulf region","volume":"9","author":"Lelieveld J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"J. Lelieveld, P. Hoor, P. J\u00f6ckel, A. Pozzer, P. Hadjinicolaou , J.-P. Cammas, S. Beirle, Severe ozone air pollution in the Persian Gulf region. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 1393\u20131406 (2009).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8481","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-8481-2010","article-title":"Multi-annual changes of NO\n                     x\n                   emissions in megacity regions: Nonlinear trend analysis of satellite measurement based estimates","volume":"10","author":"Konovalov I. B.","year":"2010","unstructured":"I. B. Konovalov, M. Beekmann, A. Richter, J. P. Burrows, A. Hilboll, Multi-annual changes of NOx emissions in megacity regions: Nonlinear trend analysis of satellite measurement based estimates. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 8481\u20138498 (2010).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L01802","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL049541","article-title":"The global economic cycle and satellite-derived NO2 trends over shipping lanes","volume":"39","author":"de Ruyter de Wildt M.","year":"2012","unstructured":"M. de Ruyter de Wildt , H. Eskes, K. F. Boersma, The global economic cycle and satellite-derived NO2 trends over shipping lanes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L01802 (2012).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D16309","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JD017571","article-title":"A global single-sensor analysis of 2002\u20132011 tropospheric nitrogen dioxide trends observed from space","volume":"117","author":"Schneider P.","year":"2012","unstructured":"P. Schneider, R. J. van der A, A global single-sensor analysis of 2002\u20132011 tropospheric nitrogen dioxide trends observed from space. J. Geophys. Res. 117, D16309 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-4145-2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10589","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-10589-2014","article-title":"Summertime tropospheric-ozone variability over the Mediterranean basin observed with IASI","volume":"14","author":"Doche C.","year":"2014","unstructured":"C. Doche, G. Dufour, G. Foret, M. Eremenko, J. Cuesta, M. Beekmann, P. Kalabokas, Summertime tropospheric-ozone variability over the Mediterranean basin observed with IASI. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 10589\u201310600 (2014).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-115-2014","article-title":"Summertime free-tropospheric ozone pool over the eastern Mediterranean\/Middle East","volume":"14","author":"Zanis P.","year":"2014","unstructured":"P. Zanis, P. Hadjinicolaou, A. Pozzer, E. Tyrlis, S. Dafka, N. Mihalopoulos, J. Lelieveld, Summertime free-tropospheric ozone pool over the eastern Mediterranean\/Middle East. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 115\u2013132 (2014).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00265","article-title":"Reductions in nitrogen oxides over Europe driven by environmental policy and economic recession","volume":"2","author":"Castellanos P.","year":"2012","unstructured":"P. Castellanos, K. F. Boersma, Reductions in nitrogen oxides over Europe driven by environmental policy and economic recession. Sci. Rep. 2, 265 (2012).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.872333","article-title":"Science objectives of the ozone monitoring instrument","volume":"44","author":"Levelt P. F.","year":"2006","unstructured":"P. F. Levelt, E. Hilsenrath, G. W. Leppelmeier, G. H. J. van den Oord, P. K. Bhartia, J. Tamminen, J. F. de Haan, J. P. Veefkind, Science objectives of the ozone monitoring instrument. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens. 44, 1093\u20131101 (2006).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-2103-2007","article-title":"Near-real time retrieval of tropospheric NO2 from OMI","volume":"7","author":"Boersma K. F.","year":"2007","unstructured":"K. F. Boersma, H. J. Eskes, J. P. Veefkind, E. J. Brinksma, R. J. van der A, M. Sneep, G. H. J. van den Oord, P. F. Levelt, P. Stammes, J. F. Gleason, E. J. Bucsela, Near-real time retrieval of tropospheric NO2 from OMI. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 2013\u20132128 (2007).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-4-1905-2011","article-title":"An improved tropospheric NO2 column retrieval algorithm for the Ozone Monitoring Instrument","volume":"4","author":"Boersma K. F.","year":"2011","unstructured":"K. F. Boersma, H. J. Eskes, R. J. Dirksen, R. J. van der A, J. P. Veefkind, P. Stammes, V. Huijnen, Q. L. Kleipool, M. Sneep, J. Claas, J. Leit\u00e3o, A. Richter, Y. Zhou, D. Brunner, An improved tropospheric NO2 column retrieval algorithm for the Ozone Monitoring Instrument. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 4, 1905\u20131928 (2011).","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","unstructured":"World Bank (http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/ 2015); U.S. Energy Information Administration (www.eia.gov\/countries\/ 2015). Data are available as annual indicators up to 2013\u2014which limits quantitative statistical analysis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","unstructured":"World Bank Development Indicators 2015 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank Washington DC 20433 USA (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1207824"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.05.075","article-title":"Quantifying temporal trends of atmospheric pollutants in Makkah (1997\u20132012)","volume":"77","author":"Munir S.","year":"2013","unstructured":"S. Munir, T. M. Habeebullah, A. R. Seroji, S. S. Gabr, A. M. F. Mohammed, E. A. Morsy, Quantifying temporal trends of atmospheric pollutants in Makkah (1997\u20132012). Atmos. Environ. 77, 647\u2013655 (2013).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.12944\/CWE.9.2.01","article-title":"Assessment of ambient air quality in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia","volume":"9","author":"Alharbi B. H.","year":"2014","unstructured":"B. H. Alharbi, M. J. Pasha, N. Tapper, Assessment of ambient air quality in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Curr. World Environ. 9, 227\u2013236 (2014).","journal-title":"Curr. World Environ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","unstructured":"S. A. Al-Zahrani The Road to Saudi Arabian Clean Fuels (Engineering Division Saudi Aramco Dhahran 2010); www.hartfuel.com\/0908\/f.saudicleanfuels.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","unstructured":"S. Chakibi Ambient Air Standard 2012 EHS Journal (http:\/\/ehsjournal.org\/http:\/ehsjournal.org\/2013\/01\/ 2013). See also www.pme.gov.sa\/en\/En_EnvStand19.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","first-page":"879836","article-title":"Monitoring and modelling the trends of primary and secondary air pollution precursors: The case of the state of Kuwait","volume":"2010","author":"Al-Salem S. M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"S. M. Al-Salem, A. R. Khan, Monitoring and modelling the trends of primary and secondary air pollution precursors: The case of the state of Kuwait. Int. J. Chem. Eng. 2010, 879836 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","unstructured":"United Arab Emirates Federal Environment Agency Cabinet Decree (12) of 2006 Regarding Regulation Concerning Protection of Air from Pollution (2015); www.ead.ae\/know-your-environment\/air-and-climate-control\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","unstructured":"Israel Ministry of Environmental Protection Israel\u2019s Environmental Impact Index; Linking environmental impact and compliance. Environment Bulletin 41 (2015); www.sviva.gov.il\/English\/ResourcesandServices\/Publications\/Bulletin\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O. Niksic N. N. Eddin M. Cali Area C and the Future of the Palestinian Economy (The World Bank Washington DC 2014).","DOI":"10.1596\/978-1-4648-0193-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","unstructured":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (2015); http:\/\/data.unhcr.org\/syrianrefugees\/regional.php."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4749","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-4749-2013","article-title":"Systematic investigation of bromine monoxide in volcanic plumes from space by using the GOME-2 instrument","volume":"13","author":"H\u00f6rmann C.","year":"2013","unstructured":"C. H\u00f6rmann, H. Sihler, N. Bobrowski, S. Beirle, M. Penning de Vries, U. Platt, T. Wagner, Systematic investigation of bromine monoxide in volcanic plumes from space by using the GOME-2 instrument. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 4749\u20134781 (2013).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","unstructured":"U. Platt J. Stutz Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy: Principles and Applications (Springer-Verlag Heidelberg 2008)."}],"container-title":["Science Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.1500498","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T19:13:05Z","timestamp":1704827585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.1500498"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/sciadv.1500498"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.1500498","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]]},"article-number":"e1500498"}}