{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:52:30Z","timestamp":1792291950647,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"45","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 ES024332-01A1, P50MD010428, ES024012, ES026217, ES028033; MD012769"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 ES024332-01A1, P50MD010428, ES024012, ES026217, ES028033; MD012769"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["83587201-0, RD-83479801, 1R01ES030616, 1R01AG066793-01R01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["83587201-0, RD-83479801, 1R01ES030616, 1R01AG066793-01R01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001160","name":"Health Effects Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4953-RFA14-3\/16-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4953-RFA14-3\/16-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001160","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We describe the challenges and opportunities of analyzing links between exposure to air pollution and vulnerability to COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd4049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T19:37:08Z","timestamp":1604518628000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":825,"title":["Air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States: Strengths and limitations of an ecological regression analysis"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4884-657X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"X.","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9895-1477","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"R. C.","family":"Nethery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8844-9915","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M. B.","family":"Sabath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5177-8598","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"D.","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA."},{"name":"Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9382-0141","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"F.","family":"Dominici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) for Particulate Matter (Final Report 2019). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA\/600\/R-19\/188 (2019); https:\/\/cfpub.epa.gov\/ncea\/isa\/recordisplay.cfm?deid=347534 [accessed 15 September 2020]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba5692"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000108927.80044.7F"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108924"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"kwaa148","article-title":"Linkages between air pollution and the health burden from COVID-19: Methodological challenges and opportunities","author":"Benmarhnia T.","year":"2020","unstructured":"T. Benmarhnia, Linkages between air pollution and the health burden from COVID-19: Methodological challenges and opportunities. Am. J. Epidemiol. , kwaa148 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114465"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Air pollution exposure and COVID-19 in Dutch municipalities","author":"Cole M. A.","year":"2020","unstructured":"M. A. Cole, C. Ozgen, E. Strobl, Air pollution exposure and COVID-19 in Dutch municipalities. Environ. Resour. Econ. (Dordr) , 1\u201330 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Resour. Econ. (Dordr)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b06392"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. King M. A. Tanner O. Rosen Ecological Inference: New Methdological Strategies (Cambridge Univ. Press 2004).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511510595"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-985X.00190"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2370"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-019-0164-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.7239"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","unstructured":"InisdeEPA.com CARB study on pollution link to virus deaths may spur push for PM cuts (May 6 2020); https:\/\/insideepa.com\/daily-news\/carb-study-pollution-link-virus-deaths-may-spur-push-pm-cuts."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370701665434"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","article-title":"Traffic-derived particulate matterand angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression in human airway epithelial cells","author":"Miyashita L.","year":"2020","unstructured":"L. Miyashita, G. Foley, S. Semple, J. Grigg, Traffic-derived particulate matterand angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression in human airway epithelial cells. bioRxiv 2020.2005.2015.097501 , (2020).","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/18.1.269"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117069"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/16.1.111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6919e5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","article-title":"Monitoring health systems by estimating excess mortality","author":"Acosta R. J.","year":"2020","unstructured":"R. J. Acosta, R. A. Irizarry, Monitoring health systems by estimating excess mortality. medRxiv 2020.06.06.20120857 , (2020).","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b06121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1702747"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312093292401"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.21554"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.104909"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1471082X03st058oa"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","unstructured":"R Core Team R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna Austria (2018); www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-016-1441-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1912557"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2607"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000864"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","unstructured":"D. D. Ingram S. J. Franco 2013 NCHS urban-rural classification scheme for counties. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","unstructured":"Health Effects Institute State of global air 2019: A special report on global exposure to air pollution and its disease burden (2019); www.stateofglobalair.org\/sites\/default\/files\/soga_2019_report.pdf [accessed 15 September 2020]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000128587.30041.C8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.10.1127"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900572"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6362"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.732"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-2-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.79.5.623"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b04295"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201709-1883OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.17923"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05194-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2730-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.06.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002205071800058X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309279"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/009841099157539"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2002-0115OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfg032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-07903-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7228-6"}],"container-title":["Science Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.abd4049","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.abd4049","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T11:49:50Z","timestamp":1704800990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.abd4049"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"45","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/sciadv.abd4049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abd4049","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.04.05.20054502","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2375-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]]},"article-number":"eabd4049"}}