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As the discharge ascended from the cloud top, tens of very high frequency (VHF) radio sources were detected from 22 to 45 km altitude, while simultaneous optical emissions (777.4 nm OI emitted from lightning leaders) remained near cloud top (15 to 20 km altitude). This implies that the high-altitude VHF sources were produced by streamers and the streamer discharge activity can extend all the way from near cloud top to the ionosphere. The simultaneous three-dimensional radio and optical data indicate that VHF lightning networks detect emissions from streamer corona rather than the leader channel, which has broad implications to lightning physics beyond that of gigantic jets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abl8731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T17:59:06Z","timestamp":1659549546000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Upward propagation of gigantic jets revealed by 3D radio and optical mapping"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4348-4095","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Levi D.","family":"Boggs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Severe Storms Research Center, Sensors and Electromagnetic Applications Lab, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Smyrna, GA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4541-6590","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Doug","family":"Mach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association, Huntsville, AL, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1959-442X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eric","family":"Bruning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8626-6218","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ningyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1638-6628","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oscar A.","family":"van der Velde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lightning Research Group, Electrical Engineering Department, Polit\u00e9cnica de Catalunya, Terrassa, Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Montany\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lightning Research Group, Electrical Engineering Department, Polit\u00e9cnica de Catalunya, Terrassa, Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0002-0613","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Steve","family":"Cummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Palivec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hawley, TX, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3065-4801","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vanna","family":"Chmielewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research Operations, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA."},{"name":"NOAA\/OAR National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2395-8196","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Don","family":"MacGorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research Operations, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISR-2, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-84-4-445"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A00E35","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JA014860","article-title":"Recent advances in theory of transient luminous events","volume":"115","author":"Pasko V. 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