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By profiling DNA methylation of circulating monocytes from infants in the MIS BAIR clinical trial, we identify a BCG-associated DNA methylation signature that persisted more than 12 months after neonatal BCG vaccination. Genes associated with this epigenetic signature are involved in viral response pathways, consistent with the reported off-target protection against viral infections in neonates, adults, and the elderly. Our findings indicate that the off-target effects of BCG in infants are accompanied by epigenetic remodeling of circulating monocytes that lasts more than 1 year.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn4002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T13:58:25Z","timestamp":1659707905000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Neonatal BCG vaccination is associated with a long-term DNA methylation signature in circulating monocytes"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7507-3704","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samantha","family":"Bannister","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia."},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia."},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bowon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Immunity, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9091-1961","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jorge","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Andr\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8251-1909","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gizem","family":"Kilic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0297-897X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brendan R. 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