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This double-hit vaccine (Flu-RBD) not only induced protective immunities against SARS-CoV-2 but also remained functional as a flu vaccine. The Flu core improved the retention and distribution of Flu-RBD vaccine in the draining lymph nodes, with enhanced immunogenicity. In a hamster model of live SARS-CoV-2 infection, two doses of Flu-RBD efficiently protected animals against viral infection. Furthermore, Flu-RBD VLP elicited a strong neutralization activity against both SARS-CoV-2 Delta pseudovirus and wild-type influenza A H1N1 inactivated virus in mice. Overall, the Flu-RBD VLP vaccine is a promising candidate for combating COVID-19, influenza A, and coinfection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abo4100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T18:10:27Z","timestamp":1687543827000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A SARS-CoV-2 and influenza double hit vaccine based on RBD-conjugated inactivated influenza A virus"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5245-6726","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA."},{"name":"Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, 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