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Asymmetrical TBY-robots effectively penetrated the mucus barrier and notably enhanced their intestinal retention using a dual enzyme-driven engine toward enteral glucose gradient. Thereafter, the TBY-robot was transferred to Peyer\u2019s patch, where the enzyme-driven engine switched in situ to macrophage bioengine and was subsequently relayed to inflamed sites along a chemokine gradient. Encouragingly, EMS-based delivery increased drug accumulation at the diseased site by approximately 1000-fold, markedly attenuating inflammation and ameliorating disease pathology in mouse models of colitis and gastric ulcers. These self-adaptive TBY-robots represent a safe and promising strategy for the precision treatment of gastrointestinal inflammation and other inflammatory diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adc8978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T13:57:21Z","timestamp":1677074241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Twin-bioengine self-adaptive micro\/nanorobots using enzyme actuation and macrophage relay for gastrointestinal inflammation therapy"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1719-4588","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Baozhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China."},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2173-3727","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hong","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China."},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ze","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9167-163X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ting","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0463-7968","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mingbin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China."},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People\u2019s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2461-6390","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lintao","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China."},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.119"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2017.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aam6431"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"113","volume":"3","author":"Palagi S.","year":"2018","unstructured":"S.\u00a0Palagi, P.\u00a0Fischer, Bioinspired microrobots, Nat. 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