{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T23:27:04Z","timestamp":1792279624054,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Nitrogen oxides (NO\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ) play a central role in catalyzing tropospheric ozone formation. Nitrogen dioxide (NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) has recently reemerged as a key target for air pollution control measures, and observational evidence points toward a limited understanding of ozone in high-NO\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    environments. A complete understanding of the mechanisms controlling the rapid atmospheric cycling between ozone (O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\u2013nitric oxide (NO)\u2013NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    in high-NO\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    regimes at the surface is therefore paramount but remains challenging because of competing dynamical and chemical effects. Here, we present long-term eddy covariance measurements of O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    , NO, and NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , over an urban area, that allow disentangling important physical and chemical processes. When generalized, our findings suggest that the depositional O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    flux near the surface in urban environments is negligible compared to the flux caused by chemical conversion of O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    . This leads to an underestimation of the Leighton ratio and is a key process for modulating urban NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    mixing ratios. As a consequence, primary NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    emissions have been significantly overestimated.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.add2365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T13:58:54Z","timestamp":1674050334000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["High urban NO\n                    <i>\n                      <sub>x<\/sub>\n                    <\/i>\n                    triggers a substantial chemical downward flux of ozone"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2869-9426","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas","family":"Karl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Lamprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2025-9242","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin","family":"Graus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7905-3954","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander","family":"Cede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luftblick, Innsbruck, Austria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5443-6235","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin","family":"Tiefengraber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luftblick, Innsbruck, Austria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0342-9171","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jordi","family":"Vila-Guerau de Arellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorology and Air Quality Section, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5314-7888","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Gurarie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Lenschow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50510a045"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ea.07.050179.002303"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax6832"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD024203"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155747"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-11273-2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22086"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aao3477"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(96)05238-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(96)05222-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1001158702252"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.05.056"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. 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