{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:36:33Z","timestamp":1790998593389,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"49","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine can elicit good T\n            <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n            1 responses in neonates. We hypothesized that the pioneer gut microbiota affects vaccine T cell responses. Infants who are HIV exposed but uninfected (iHEU) display an altered immunity to vaccination. BCG-specific immune responses were analyzed at 7 weeks of age in iHEU, and responses were categorized as high or low.\n            <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium longum<\/jats:italic>\n            subsp.\n            <jats:italic>infantis<\/jats:italic>\n            was enriched in the stools of high responders, while\n            <jats:italic>Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron<\/jats:italic>\n            was enriched in low responders at time of BCG vaccination. Neonatal germ-free or SPF mice orally gavaged with live\n            <jats:italic>B. infantis<\/jats:italic>\n            exhibited significantly higher BCG-specific T cells compared with pups gavaged with\n            <jats:italic>B. thetaiotaomicron. B.\u00a0infantis<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>B. thetaiotaomicron<\/jats:italic>\n            differentially affected stool metabolome and colonic transcriptome. Human colonic epithelial cells stimulated with\n            <jats:italic>B. infantis<\/jats:italic>\n            induced a unique gene expression profile versus\n            <jats:italic>B. thetaiotaomicron<\/jats:italic>\n            . We thus identified a causal role of\n            <jats:italic>B. infantis<\/jats:italic>\n            in early-life antigen-specific immunity.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ade1370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]],"date-time":"2023-12-08T18:58:25Z","timestamp":1702061905000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["<i>Bifidobacterium infantis<\/i>\n            associates with T cell immunity in human infants and is sufficient to enhance antigen-specific T cells in mice"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3592-3967","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Donald D.","family":"Nyangahu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 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