{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T05:12:26Z","timestamp":1791609146601,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"38","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination and vaginal bleeding among nonmenstruating women is not well studied. The Norwegian Institute of Public Health followed several cohorts throughout the pandemic and early performed a systematic data collection of self-reported unexpected vaginal bleeding in nonmenstruating women. Among 7725 postmenopausal women, 7148 perimenopausal women, and 7052 premenopausal women, 3.3, 14.1, and 13.1% experienced unexpected vaginal bleeding during a period of 8 to 9 months, respectively. In postmenopausal women, the risk of unexpected vaginal bleeding (i.e., postmenopausal bleeding) in the 4 weeks after COVID-19 vaccination was increased two- to threefold, compared to a prevaccination period. The corresponding risk of unexpected vaginal bleeding after vaccination was increased three- to fivefold in both nonmenstruating peri- and premenopausal women. In the premenopausal women, Spikevax was associated with at 32% increased risk as compared to Comirnaty. Our results must be confirmed in future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adg1391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T13:58:33Z","timestamp":1695391113000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Unexpected vaginal bleeding and COVID-19 vaccination in nonmenstruating women"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7838-0161","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kristine","family":"Blix","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Method Development and Analytics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0546-896X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ida","family":"Laake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Method Development and Analytics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3317-8203","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lene","family":"Juvet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Control and Vaccines, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6295-0528","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna Hayman","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Method Development and Analytics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2591-8435","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ida Henriette","family":"Caspersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3870-5861","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Siri","family":"Mjaaland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Method Development and Analytics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4545-2513","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Siri N.","family":"Skodvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6427-4735","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Per","family":"Magnus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1505-1671","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Berit","family":"Feiring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Method Development and Analytics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9557-5725","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lill","family":"Trogstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Method Development and Analytics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-01934-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Medicines and Healthcare product Regulatory Agency. 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