{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T16:43:42Z","timestamp":1784133822960,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"51","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic, with millions of Americans compelled to stay home and work remotely, presented an opportunity to explore the dynamics of social relationships in a predominantly remote world. Using the 1972\u20132022 General Social Surveys, we found that the pandemic significantly disrupted the patterns of social gatherings with family, friends, and neighbors but only momentarily. Drawing from the nationwide ego-network surveys of 41,033 Americans from 2020 to 2022, we found that the size and composition of core networks remained stable, although political homophily increased among nonkin relationships compared to previous surveys between 1985 and 2016. Critically, heightened remote communication during the initial phase of the pandemic was associated with increased interaction with the same partisans, although political homophily decreased during the later phase of the pandemic when in-person contacts increased. These results underscore the crucial role of social institutions and social gatherings in promoting spontaneous encounters with diverse political backgrounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adi1540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T18:58:40Z","timestamp":1703098720000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Transformation of social relationships in COVID-19 America: Remote communication may amplify political echo chambers"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0248-3088","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Byungkyu","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0328-6342","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kangsan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Research and Public Policy, New York University\u2013Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6299-5161","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Klinenberg Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago (University of Chicago Press 2002).","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226026718.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.2008.55.2.190"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/716197"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/227352"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. D. Putnam Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (Simon and Schuster 2000).","DOI":"10.1145\/358916.361990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240607100301"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2011.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240907400408"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122413482919"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15195\/v4.a1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/soaa101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/nws.2020.9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2023.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Huckfeldt P. E. Johnson J. Sprague Political Disagreement: The Survival of Diverse Opinions within Communication Networks (Cambridge Univ. Press 2004).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511617102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2432"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/227635"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-073018-022707"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00027640121957303"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00027640121957286"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2010.513417"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"C. S. Fischer Still Connected: Family and Friends in America Since 1970 (Russell Sage Foundation 2011)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2022.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448211062164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0000909"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. L. Small Someone To Talk To (Oxford Univ. Press 2017).","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190661427.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2013.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.12.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122417737951"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. L. Perry B. A. Pescosolido S. P. Borgatti Egocentric Network Analysis: Foundations Methods and Models (Cambridge Univ. Press 2018).","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316443255"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.2005.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2021.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2014.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Chetty J. N. Friedman N. Hendren M. Stepner T. O. I. Team The Economic Impacts of COVID-19: Evidence from a New Public Database Built using Private Sector Data (National Bureau of Economic Research 2020); 10.3386\/w27431.","DOI":"10.3386\/w27431"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15195\/v1.a27"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2019.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122414531776"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.415"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122415587313"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","first-page":"140","article-title":"The workplace as a context for cross-cutting political discourse","volume":"68","author":"Mutz D. C.","year":"2006","unstructured":"D. C. Mutz, J. J. Mondak, The workplace as a context for cross-cutting political discourse. J. Theor. Polit. 68, 140\u2013155 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Theor. Polit."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","unstructured":"K. N. Hampton L. F. Sessions E. J. Her L. Rainie Social isolation and new technology in How the Internet and Mobile Phones Impact Americans\u2019 Social Networks (Pew Internet and American Life Project 2009)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. V. Marsden M. Fekete D. S. Baum On the general social survey: Egocentric network studies within the general social survey: Measurement methods substantive findings and methodological research in Personal Networks: Classic Readings and New Directions in Egocentric Analysis B. Pescosolido B. L. Perry E. B. Smith M. L. Small Eds. (Structural Analysis in the Social Sciences Cambridge Univ. Press 2021) pp. 519\u2013552; www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/personal-networks\/on-the-general-social-survey\/350C545D0CF686E9A7F2E87290FABFEB.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108878296.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbu078"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2014.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-01012-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaq1433"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2019.0778"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. V. Gould Collision of Wills: How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (University of Chicago Press ed. 1 2003).","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226305516.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01972-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055407070499"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.94.1.91"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23673-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-022-01474-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2020685118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2007476117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.9740"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2378023120985254"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Marlow K. Makovi B. Abrahao Neighborhood isolation during the COVID-19 Pandemic. SocArXiv [ Preprint ] (2021); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31235\/osf.io\/rs4qz.","DOI":"10.31235\/osf.io\/rs4qz"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","article-title":"On our own: Social distance, physical loneliness, and structural isolation in the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"003","author":"Klinenberg E.","year":"2023","unstructured":"E. Klinenberg, J. K. Leigh, On our own: Social distance, physical loneliness, and structural isolation in the COVID-19 pandemic. Soc. Probl. spad003, (2023).","journal-title":"Soc. Probl."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2006333117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2105125118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe1715"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2116863118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04198-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2017.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2116311119"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbab068"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053168018822174"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. M. Aronow J. Kalla L. Orr J. Ternovski Evidence of rising rates of inattentiveness on lucid in 2020. SocArXiv [ Preprint ] (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31235\/osf.io\/8sbe4.","DOI":"10.31235\/osf.io\/8sbe4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. A. Arechar D. Rand Turking in the time of COVID. PsyArXiv [ Preprint ] (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/vktqu.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/vktqu"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/pan.2019.5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/psrm.2020.6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA7528"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2014.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17730\/humo.17.4.q5604m676260q8n7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","unstructured":"C. Tausanovitch L. Vavreck T. Reny A. R. Hayes A. Rudkin Democracy Fund + UCLA Nationscape Methodology and Representativeness Assessment (UCLA 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","unstructured":"S. Flood M. King R. Rodgers S. Ruggles J. R. Warren Integrated Public Use Microdata Series Current Population Survey: Version 8.0 version 8.0 Minneapolis MN: IPUMS (2020); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18128\/D030.V8.0."}],"container-title":["Science Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.adi1540","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T22:58:22Z","timestamp":1704841102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.adi1540"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"51","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/sciadv.adi1540"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.adi1540","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-04-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-16","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eadi1540"}}