{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T01:58:03Z","timestamp":1780711083924,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"36","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sagnac interferometry can provide a substantial improvement in signal-to-noise ratio compared to conventional magnetic imaging based on the magneto-optical Kerr effect. We show that this improvement is sufficient to allow quantitative measurements of current-induced magnetic deflections due to spin-orbit torque even in thin-film magnetic samples with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, for which the Kerr rotation is second order in the magnetic deflection. Sagnac interferometry can also be applied beneficially for samples with in-plane anisotropy, for which the Kerr rotation is first order in the deflection angle. Optical measurements based on Sagnac interferometry can therefore provide a cross-check on electrical techniques for measuring spin-orbit torque. Different electrical techniques commonly give quantitatively inconsistent results so that Sagnac interferometry can help to identify which techniques are affected by unidentified artifacts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adi9039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T17:58:54Z","timestamp":1694195934000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Sagnac interferometry for high-sensitivity optical measurements of spin-orbit torque"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Saba","family":"Karimeddiny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9620-3846","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thow Min Jerald","family":"Cham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4717-6914","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Orion","family":"Smedley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3026-0335","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Ralph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA."},{"name":"Cornell Kavli Institute at Cornell, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2196-0532","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yunqiu Kelly","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA."},{"name":"Cornell Kavli Institute at Cornell, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA."},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10309"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1218197"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3502596"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.109.096602"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2013.145"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.89.144425"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4902529"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.93.144409"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2015.294"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4812"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-018-0041-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5090205"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.9b01043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw8904"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c02965"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.16.054031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.128.247204"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31451-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.18.024075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.90.224427"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.99.195103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.14.024024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.15.064017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qute.202100111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.102.014401"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.102.195146"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4042"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4962402"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9958"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1105514"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4931"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2007.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.94.140414"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.92.064426"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","unstructured":"S. Karimeddiny T.\u00a0M.\u00a0Cham D.\u00a0C.\u00a0Ralph Y.\u00a0K.\u00a0Luo Sagnac interferometry for high-sensitivity optical measurements of spin-orbit torque. arXiv:2109.13759 [cond-mat.mes-hall] (28 September 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201805822"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.106.036601"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","unstructured":"S. Karimeddiny \u201cSpin-orbit torque metrology \u201d thesis Cornell University Ithaca NY (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2336620"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4897184"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.73.155"}],"container-title":["Science Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.adi9039","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T23:14:06Z","timestamp":1704842046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.adi9039"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"36","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/sciadv.adi9039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.adi9039","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-05-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eadi9039"}}