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Here, we assert a simple yet vital biological rationale for this alcohol preference. Flies display attraction to fruits rich in alcohol, specifically ethanol and methanol, where contact results in a rapid amplification of fatty acid\u2013derived pheromones that enhance courtship success. We also identify olfactory sensory neurons that detect these alcohols, where we reveal roles in both attraction and aversion, and show that valence is balanced around alcohol concentration. Moreover, we demonstrate that methanol can be deadly, and adult flies must therefore accurately weigh the trade-off between benefits and costs for exposure within their naturally fermented and alcohol-rich environments.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adi9683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T20:33:04Z","timestamp":1743625984000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Neuroecology of alcohol risk and reward: Methanol boosts pheromones and courtship success in\n            <i>Drosophila melanogaster<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3339-7249","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ian W.","family":"Keesey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Kn\u00f6ll-Stra\u00dfe 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9308-657X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Georg","family":"Doll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Kn\u00f6ll-Stra\u00dfe 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudeshna Das","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Research Group Olfactory Coding, Hans-Kn\u00f6ll-Stra\u00dfe 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany."},{"name":"European Neuroscience Institute (ENI), Neural Computation and Behavior, Grisebachstra\u00dfe 5, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0614-1667","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amelie","family":"Baschwitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Research Group Olfactory Coding, Hans-Kn\u00f6ll-Stra\u00dfe 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0222-7414","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marion","family":"Lemoine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Insect Symbiosis, Hans-Kn\u00f6ll-Stra\u00dfe 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9450-0345","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin","family":"Kaltenpoth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Insect Symbiosis, Hans-Kn\u00f6ll-Stra\u00dfe 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1032-7288","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ale\u0161","family":"Svato\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Mass Spectrometry\/Proteomics Research Group, Hans-Kn\u00f6ll-Stra\u00dfe 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9769-8067","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Silke","family":"Sachse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Research Group Olfactory Coding, Hans-Kn\u00f6ll-Stra\u00dfe 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6710-1071","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Markus","family":"Knaden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Kn\u00f6ll-Stra\u00dfe 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4811-1223","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bill S.","family":"Hansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Kn\u00f6ll-Stra\u00dfe 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932344","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2022.932344","article-title":"Sensory neuroecology and multimodal evolution across the genus Drosophila","volume":"10","author":"Keesey I. 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