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NELO is enriched in T\/NK cells, plasma\/B cells, and antigen-presenting cells embedded in a network of reticulated epithelial cells. The presence of activated T cells and lymphocyte proliferation, but not V(D)J recombination or hematopoiesis, suggests that NELO is a secondary lymphoid organ. In response to infection, NELO displays structural changes including the formation of T\/NK cell clusters. NELO and gill lymphoid tissues form a cohesive unit within a large mucosal lymphoid network. Collectively, we reveal an unreported mucosal lymphoid organ reminiscent of mammalian tonsils that evolved in multiple teleost fish families.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adj0101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T13:58:43Z","timestamp":1698847123000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Identification of a pharyngeal mucosal lymphoid organ in zebrafish and other teleosts: Tonsils in fish?"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2214-537X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julien","family":"Resseguier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Departments of Biosciences and Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai","family":"Nguyen-Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LPHI, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, Montpellier, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Wohlmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron-Microscopy laboratory, Departments of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1096-3836","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dimitri","family":"Rigaudeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRAE, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, IERP, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4802-6571","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Irene","family":"Salinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0260-672X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stefan H.","family":"Oehlers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #05-13, Singapore 138648, Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9265-3436","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Geert F.","family":"Wiegertjes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University &amp; 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