{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:27:41Z","timestamp":1787016461371,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"25","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Lepidoptera, the most diverse group of insects, exhibit female heterogamy (Z0 or ZW), which is different from most other insects (male heterogamy, XY). Previous studies suggest a single origin of the Z chromosome. However, the origin of the lepidopteran W chromosome remains poorly understood. Here, we assemble the genome from females down to the chromosome level of a model insect (\n                    <jats:italic>Bombyx mori<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and identify a W chromosome of approximately 10.1 megabase using a newly developed tool. In addition, we identify 3593 genes that were not previously annotated in the genomes of\n                    <jats:italic>B. mori<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Comparisons of 21 lepidopteran species (including 17 ZW and four Z0 systems) and three trichopteran species (Z0 system) reveal that the formation of Ditrysia W involves multiple mechanisms, including previously proposed canonical and noncanonical models, as well as a newly proposed mechanism called single-Z turnover. We conclude that there are multiple independent origins of the W chromosome in the Ditrysia (most moths and all butterflies) of Lepidoptera.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adm9851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T13:58:38Z","timestamp":1718805518000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Multiple independent origins of the female W chromosome in moths and butterflies"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1784-8676","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Min-Jin","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China."},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of 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