{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T06:52:50Z","timestamp":1792479170268,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"13","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Intraoperative histology is essential for surgical guidance and decision-making. However, frozen-sectioned hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) staining suffers from degraded accuracy, whereas the gold-standard formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) H&amp;E is too lengthy for intraoperative use. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy has shown rapid histology of brain tissue with lipid\/protein contrast but is challenging to yield images identical to nucleic acid\u2013\/protein-based FFPE stains interpretable to pathologists. Here, we report the development of a semi-supervised stimulated Raman CycleGAN model to convert fresh-tissue SRS images to H&amp;E stains using unpaired training data. Within 3 minutes, stimulated Raman virtual histology (SRVH) results that matched perfectly with true H&amp;E could be generated. A blind validation indicated that board-certified neuropathologists are able to differentiate histologic subtypes of human glioma on SRVH but hardly on conventional SRS images. SRVH may provide intraoperative diagnosis superior to frozen H&amp;E in both speed and accuracy, extendable to other types of solid tumors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn3426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T14:00:12Z","timestamp":1711548012000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Virtual formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded staining of fresh brain tissue via stimulated Raman CycleGAN model"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9775-9026","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhijie","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metasurfaces for Light Manipulation, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingchao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China."},{"name":"National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai 200040, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1601-8673","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haixia","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianpeng","family":"Ao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metasurfaces for Light Manipulation, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5786-2838","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1470-4001","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yaxin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metasurfaces for Light Manipulation, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8055-115X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ying","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9066-4008","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Minbiao","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metasurfaces for Light Manipulation, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"541","article-title":"Diagnosis of intracranial tumors by supravital technique","volume":"6","author":"Eisenhardt L.","year":"1930","unstructured":"L. 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