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While acting as a net ecosystem carbon sink during most of the positive emission phase, permafrost becomes a net ecosystem carbon source just before reaching net-zero and negative emissions. Permafrost slowly recovers, especially in regions with high organic carbon content, and net ecosystem carbon loss persists until the end of simulations, resulting in a cumulative net ecosystem carbon loss of approximately 14 petagrams of carbon (PgC) in both scenarios. In addition, methane emissions increase under net-zero and negative emissions, due to the irreversibility of the inundated areas. We conclude that the permafrost ecosystem carbon loss may continue under net-zero and negative emissions, which could hinder climate change mitigation efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn8819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T18:58:36Z","timestamp":1739386716000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Continued permafrost ecosystem carbon loss under net-zero and negative emissions"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8203-8998","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"So-Won","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9929-2820","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jin-Hyuk","family":"Mun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2003-4377","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hanna","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2154-5857","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Norman J.","family":"Steinert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NORCE Climate and Environment, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway."},{"name":"CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0003-429X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Soon-Il","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences\/Irreversible Climate Change Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3199-7646","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jongsoo","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2251-2579","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jong-Seong","family":"Kug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad9837"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IPCC Long-term climate change: Projections commitments and irreversibility in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. 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