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The study of children with severe pathologies is particularly interesting, as children have a very limited possibility to reciprocate the assistance. We present the case of a Neanderthal child who suffered from a congenital pathology of the inner ear, probably debilitating, and associated with Down syndrome. This child would have required care for at least 6 years, likely necessitating other group members to assist the mother in childcare<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn9310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T14:00:22Z","timestamp":1719410422000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The child who lived: Down syndrome among Neanderthals?"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1891-5324","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mercedes","family":"Conde-Valverde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, C\u00e1tedra de Otoac\u00fastica Evolutiva y Paleoantropolog\u00eda (HM Hospitales-Universidad de Alcal\u00e1), Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain."},{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, 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