{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T02:30:41Z","timestamp":1783823441250,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"37","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The transition of the sexual mode occurs widely in animal evolution. In\n            <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis<\/jats:italic>\n            nematodes, androdioecy, a sexual polymorphism composed of males and hermaphrodites having the ability to self-fertilize, has evolved independently multiple times. While the modification of noncoding regulatory elements likely contributed to the evolution of hermaphroditism, little is known about these changes. Here, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of conserved noncoding elements (CNEs) focusing on the evolution of hermaphroditism in\n            <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis<\/jats:italic>\n            nematodes. We found that, in androdioecious nematodes, mutations rapidly accumulated in CNEs\u2019 neighboring genes associated with sexual traits. Expression analysis indicate that the identified CNEs are involved in spermatogenesis in hermaphrodites and associated with the transition of gene expression from dioecious to androdioecious nematodes. Last, genome editing of a CNE neighboring\n            <jats:italic>laf-1<\/jats:italic>\n            resulted in a change in its expression in the gonadal region undergoing spermatogenesis. Our bioinformatic and experimental analyses highlight the importance of CNEs in gene regulation associated with the development of hermaphrodites.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn9913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T17:59:31Z","timestamp":1726250371000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evolutionary changes of noncoding elements associated with transition of sexual mode in\n            <i>Caenorhabditis<\/i>\n            nematodes"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8796-6486","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katsunori","family":"Tamagawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5367-918X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mehmet","family":"Dayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forestry Vocational School, Duzce University, 81620 Duzce, T\u00fcrkiye."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0481-0468","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa City, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rikako","family":"Hata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2759-9167","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Taisei","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa City, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nami","family":"Haruta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6001-4293","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Asako","family":"Sugimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4600-9353","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Takashi","family":"Makino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2012.01714.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"1816","article-title":"Animals mix it up too: The distribution of self-fertilization among hermaphroditic animals","volume":"60","author":"Jarne P.","year":"2006","unstructured":"P. Jarne, J. R. Auld, Animals mix it up too: The distribution of self-fertilization among hermaphroditic animals. Evolution 60, 1816 (2006).","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-017-1071-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094723"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.115.176099"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.101.Supplement.5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05712-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The evolution of nematode sex determination: C. elegans as a reference point for comparative biology","author":"Haag E. S.","year":"2005","unstructured":"E. S. Haag, The evolution of nematode sex determination: C. elegans as a reference point for comparative biology. 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Wu, Accelerated evolution of constraint elements for hematophagic adaptation in mosquitoes. Dongwuxue Yanjiu 36, 320\u2013327 (2015).","journal-title":"Dongwuxue Yanjiu"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0247"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.153668.112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2016.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000067"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/104.4.619"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"1241","volume":"1258","author":"Jia L.","year":"2006","unstructured":"L. Jia, S. W. 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