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InSegNN separates and labels individual vascular trees and enables tracing each tree throughout its branching. We have three strategies to improve robustness and accuracy: pseudotemporal learning, spatial multisampling, and dynamic probability map. We achieved 83% specificity, 50% improvement in symmetric best dice (SBD) compared to literature, and outperformed baseline U-net, and achieved 91% precision with 71% sensitivity. We have demonstrated tracing individual vessel trees from fundus images, and simultaneously retain vessel hierarchy information. InSegNN paves a way for subsequent analysis of vascular morphology in relation to retinal diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ado8268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T17:59:14Z","timestamp":1743789554000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Robust semi-automatic vessel tracing in the human retinal image by an instance segmentation neural network"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4638-2804","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Siyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7764-3915","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Linh","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9767-7920","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amir H.","family":"Kashani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6583-7192","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ji","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA."},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-14-89","article-title":"The association between retinal vascular geometry changes and diabetic retinopathy and their role in prediction of progression \u2013 An exploratory study","volume":"14","author":"Habib M. 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