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Here, we reconstruct near-bottom flow speed variability in the SO south of Africa, revealing systematic glacial-interglacial variations in the strength and\/or proximity of ACC jets. These are superimposed by warmer-than-present \u201csuper-interglacials,\u201d whereby extreme slowdown in the midlatitude ACC (41\u00b0S) is opposed by faster flow at higher latitudes (&gt;54\u00b0S), implying poleward strengthening of the ACC. Coupled with reconstructions of the subsurface-deep stable carbon isotope gradient, we show that the reorganization of ACC coincides with the upwelling of isotopically light deep waters around Antarctica, likely contributing to the interglacial rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) levels.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adp1692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T14:03:34Z","timestamp":1735740214000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Shifting Antarctic Circumpolar Current south of Africa over the past 1.9 million years"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1854-4412","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aidan","family":"Starr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6960-1419","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ian R.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7870-6431","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephen","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8305-0075","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Nederbragt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8117-2303","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sidney R.","family":"Hemming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8084","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JC001147","article-title":"Transport and variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in Drake Passage","volume":"108","author":"Cunningham S. A.","year":"2003","unstructured":"S. A. Cunningham, S. G. Alderson, B. A. King, M. A. Brandon, Transport and variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in Drake Passage. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 8084 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1391"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0967-0637(95)00021-W"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"C11018","article-title":"Circumpolar structure and distribution of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current fronts: 1. Mean circumpolar paths","volume":"114","author":"Sokolov S.","year":"2009","unstructured":"S. Sokolov, S. R. Rintoul, Circumpolar structure and distribution of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current fronts: 1. Mean circumpolar paths. J. Geophys. Res. 114, C11018 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. 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