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The pEr nanoparticles were coated with three layers of cross-linked biocompatible polymers (pEr-P\n            <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n            ; ~55 nanometers) and conjugated to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein. Upon subcutaneous injection of the pEr-P\n            <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n            -RBD nanovaccine in mice, in vivo NIR-IIb imaging revealed active vaccine trafficking and migration to lymph nodes through lymphatic vessels. Two doses of the adjuvant-free vaccine elicited long-lasting (&gt;7 months) high titers of serum viral neutralization antibody and anti-RBD immunoglobulin G, along with robust RBD-specific germinal center B cells and T follicular helper cells. We devised in vivo NIR-II molecular imaging of RBD-specific cells in lymph nodes, opening noninvasive assessments of vaccine-elicited immune responses longitudinally.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adp5539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T18:58:26Z","timestamp":1738954706000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A SARS-CoV-2 vaccine on an NIR-II\/SWIR emitting nanoparticle platform"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5285-2211","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yingying","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA."},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR."},{"name":"Materials Innovation Institute for Life Sciences and Energy (MILES), HKU-SIRI, Shenzhen, P. 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