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Yet, assessments of changes of nitrogen-fixing plant long-term community diversity are rare. Here, we examine temporal trends in the diversity of nitrogen-fixing plants and their relationships with anthropogenic nitrogen deposition while accounting for changes in temperature and aridity. We used forest-floor vegetation resurveys of temperate forests in Europe and the United States spanning multiple decades. Nitrogen-fixer richness declined as nitrogen deposition increased over time but did not respond to changes in climate. Phylogenetic diversity also declined, as distinct lineages of N-fixers were lost between surveys, but the \u201cwinners\u201d and \u201closers\u201d among nitrogen-fixing lineages varied among study sites, suggesting that losses are context dependent. Anthropogenic nitrogen deposition reduces nitrogen-fixing plant diversity in ways that may strongly affect natural nitrogen fixation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adp7953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T14:00:56Z","timestamp":1729260056000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Long-term nitrogen deposition reduces the diversity of nitrogen-fixing plants"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4780-8248","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pablo","family":"Moreno-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA."},{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85720, 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