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We found that a direct circuit from the tongue \u2192 glutamatergic neurons in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN\n            <jats:sup>Glu<\/jats:sup>\n            ) \u2192 noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC\n            <jats:sup>NE<\/jats:sup>\n            ) drives rapid arousal in the anesthetized mice that receive the rescue-like behavior from bystanders. Artificial inhibition of this circuit abolishes the rapid arousal effect induced by the rescue-like behavior. Further, we revealed that glutamatergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT\n            <jats:sup>Glu<\/jats:sup>\n            ) that project to the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh) mediate the rescue-like behavior. These findings reveal a tongue-brain connection underlying the rapid arousal effects induced by rescue-like behavior and the circuit basis governing this specific form of prosocial behavior.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adq3874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T18:58:39Z","timestamp":1737572319000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Rescue-like behavior in a bystander mouse toward anesthetized conspecifics promotes arousal via a tongue-brain connection"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6712-429X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peng","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of 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