{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T03:43:34Z","timestamp":1793763814132,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ebola virus (EBOV) causes severe human disease. During late infection, EBOV virions are on the skin\u2019s surface; however, the permissive skin cell types and the route of virus translocation to the epidermal surface are unknown. We describe a human skin explant model and demonstrate that EBOV infection of human skin via basal media increases in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner. In the dermis, cells of myeloid, endothelial, and fibroblast origin were EBOV antigen\u2013positive whereas keratinocytes harbored virus in the epidermis. Infectious virus was detected on the apical epidermal surface within 3 days, indicating that virus propagates and traffics through the explants. Purified human fibroblasts and keratinocytes supported EBOV infection ex vivo and both cell types required the phosphatidylserine receptor, AXL, and the endosomal protein, NPC1, for virus entry. This platform identified susceptible cell types and demonstrated dynamic trafficking of EBOV virions. These findings may explain person-to-person transmission via skin contact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adr6140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T14:03:34Z","timestamp":1735740214000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Multiple cell types support productive infection and dynamic translocation of infectious Ebola virus to the surface of human skin"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4630-0722","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kelly N.","family":"Messingham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA."},{"name":"Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9488-3101","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paige T.","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2016-5972","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anthony","family":"Fleck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4889-6818","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Radhika A.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8449-146X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marija","family":"Djurkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-Pathogen Interactions, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonah","family":"Elliff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2713-7210","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samuel","family":"Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7732-3778","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tyler P.","family":"Crowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8039-5480","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juan","family":"Munoz Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3885-2603","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francoise","family":"Gourronc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob A.","family":"Dillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9168-2892","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert A.","family":"Davey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NEIDL, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4258-5046","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aloysius","family":"Klingelhutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9848-8870","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olena","family":"Shtanko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-Pathogen Interactions, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9892-4484","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wendy","family":"Maury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA."},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw571"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"63","article-title":"West Africa 2013 Ebola: From virus outbreak to humanitarian crisis","volume":"411","author":"Bausch D. G.","year":"2017","unstructured":"D. G. Bausch, West Africa 2013 Ebola: From virus outbreak to humanitarian crisis. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 411, 63\u201392 (2017).","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/769121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infpip.2020.100038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52225\/narra.v2i3.97"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0147-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1901594"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2011.05379.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711250303"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aogh.2015.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/520545"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1259657"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104595"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"386","article-title":"Ebola transmission linked to a single traditional funeral ceremony\u2014Kissidougou, Guinea, December, 2014-January 2015","volume":"64","author":"Victory K. R.","year":"2015","unstructured":"K. R. Victory, F. Coronado, S. O. Ifono, T. Soropogui, B. A. Dahl, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Ebola transmission linked to a single traditional funeral ceremony\u2014Kissidougou, Guinea, December, 2014-January 2015. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 64, 386\u2013388 (2015).","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6508a2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514319"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985812469636"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5070\/D3213025964"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504874"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"97","article-title":"Pathologic features of filovirus infections in humans","volume":"235","author":"Zaki S. R.","year":"1999","unstructured":"S. R. Zaki, C. S. Goldsmith, Pathologic features of filovirus infections in humans. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 235, 97\u2013116 (1999).","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78292-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0906-6705.2006.00420.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.4514"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","first-page":"805","article-title":"Pathology of experimental Ebola virus infection in African green monkeys. Involvement of fibroblastic reticular cells","volume":"121","author":"Davis K. J.","year":"1997","unstructured":"K. J. Davis, A. O. Anderson, T. W. Geisbert, K. E. Steele, J. B. Geisbert, P. Vogel, B. M. Connolly, J. W. Huggins, P. B. Jahrling, N. K. Jaax, Pathology of experimental Ebola virus infection in African green monkeys. Involvement of fibroblastic reticular cells. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 121, 805\u2013819 (1997).","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2001.0502"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9446"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(92)90043-T"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-04-1776"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2006.02430.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00069.2022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01832-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10348"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10380"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2012.53"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06346-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1019030108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005263"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00100-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.27.15974"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8009221"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","first-page":"1541","article-title":"3D human organoids: The next \u201cviral\u201d model for the molecular basis of infectious diseases","volume":"10","author":"Chia S. P. S.","year":"2022","unstructured":"S. P. S. Chia, S. L. Y. Kong, J. K. S. Pang, B.-S. Soh, 3D human organoids: The next \u201cviral\u201d model for the molecular basis of infectious diseases. Biomedicine 10, 1541 (2022).","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1258758"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03100-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eem.12.34"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.869676"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009899"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2019.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(78)90058-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","first-page":"140","article-title":"Lethal experimental infection of rhesus monkeys with Ebola-Zaire (Mayinga) virus by the oral and conjunctival route of exposure","volume":"120","author":"Jaax N. K.","year":"1996","unstructured":"N. K. Jaax, K. J. Davis, T. J. Geisbert, P. Vogel, G. P. Jaax, M. Topper, P. B. Jahrling, Lethal experimental infection of rhesus monkeys with Ebola-Zaire (Mayinga) virus by the oral and conjunctival route of exposure. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 120, 140\u2013155 (1996).","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01913129809032253"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.22.11025-11033.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/379724"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.171307"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350300800616"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2011.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01157-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-2997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.03.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01372-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02349-05"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","first-page":"493","article-title":"A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed L. J. M.","year":"1938","unstructured":"L. J. M. Reed, H. Muench, A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints. Am. J. Hyg. 27, 493\u2013497 (1938).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2019.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0505577102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01908-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.00916.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2007.00288.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000141"}],"container-title":["Science Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.adr6140","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T14:03:58Z","timestamp":1735740238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.adr6140"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/sciadv.adr6140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.adr6140","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eadr6140"}}