{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T20:38:20Z","timestamp":1774903100052,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/content\/page\/science-licenses-journal-article-reuse"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Electroadhesive (EA) clutches are promising for advanced motion and force control in robotics, haptics, and rehabilitation, owing to their compactness and light weight. However, their practical use is limited by the inability to deliver high forces at low voltages, primarily due to a lack of understanding of their mechanics. We introduce a novel deformable body fracture mechanics approach and high-resolution strain field imaging to reveal that nonuniform stress distributions cause EA clutches to fail through delamination and crack propagation. Using this insight, we developed EA clutches sustaining 22 newtons over 1 square centimeter at 100 volts, achieving the highest stress per voltage among similar clutches. This was achieved by incorporating a soft interlayer and peeling stopper for uniform stress distribution and mitigating the failure modes. These EA clutches were integrated into a lightweight ring-based wearable system for finger rehabilitation and haptics. Our findings lay the groundwork for designing low-voltage, high-performance EA clutches for next-generation motion and force control applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ads0766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T18:58:33Z","timestamp":1739559513000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["High-performance electroadhesive clutches with multilayered architecture"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6016-4590","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bekir","family":"Aksoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7661-3338","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sylvia","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6126-3320","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael A.","family":"Peshkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2577-2715","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J. Edward","family":"Colgate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"713","article-title":"A physical phenomenon and its applications to telegraphy, telephony, etc","volume":"61","author":"Johnsen A.","year":"1923","unstructured":"A. Johnsen, K. L. Rahbek, A physical phenomenon and its applications to telegraphy, telephony, etc. J. Inst. Electr. Eng. 61, 713\u2013725 (1923).","journal-title":"J. Inst. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2016.2582718"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2017.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202007952"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201504264"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aau9795"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1811750115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2018.2793867"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201900895"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202007428"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aa5484"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2023.102062"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/8\/13\/005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2021.101529"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201104191"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abo2179"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5SM01203A"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"41","article-title":"Die Nietkraft Verteilung in zugbeanspruchten Nietverbindungen mit konstanten Laschenquerschnit","volume":"15","author":"Volkerson O.","year":"1938","unstructured":"O. Volkerson, Die Nietkraft Verteilung in zugbeanspruchten Nietverbindungen mit konstanten Laschenquerschnit. Luftfahrtfor schung 15, 41\u201347 (1938).","journal-title":"Luftfahrtfor schung"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. D. Adams W. C. Wake \u201cThe nature and magnitude of stresses in adhesive joints\u201d in Structural Adhesive Joints in Engineering (Springer 1984) pp. 14\u2013114.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-5616-2_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. A. Dillard \u201cFundamentals of stress transfer in bonded systems\u201d in Adhesion Science and Engineering (Elsevier 2002) pp. 1\u201344.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-51140-9.50028-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11340-015-0009-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Motion for wellness: Integrating physical therapy in parkinson\u2019s disease management","volume":"5","author":"Baladaniya M. K.","year":"2023","unstructured":"M. K. Baladaniya, S. Baldania, Motion for wellness: Integrating physical therapy in parkinson\u2019s disease management. J. Phys. Med. Rehab. Stud. Rep. 5, 1\u20137 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Med. Rehab. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-018-0350-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00218469208030455"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmam\/30.4.415"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201800313"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X18799474"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Diller C. Majidi S. H. Collins A lightweight low-power electroadhesive clutch and spring for exoskeleton actuation in 2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA 2016) pp. 682\u2013689.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2016.7487194"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. E. Karagozler J. D. Campbell G. K. Fedder S. C. Goldstein M. P. Weller B. W. Yoon Electrostatic Latching for Inter-module Adhesion Power Transfer and Communication in Modular Robots in 2007 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (2007) pp. 2779\u20132786.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2007.4399492"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e12938"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202301949"}],"container-title":["Science Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.ads0766","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.ads0766","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T10:30:56Z","timestamp":1744885856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.ads0766"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/sciadv.ads0766"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.ads0766","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eads0766"}}