{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:43:37Z","timestamp":1791895417064,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Repeated mRNA COVID-19 vaccination increases spike-specific immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) titers. Here, we characterized the influence of increased IgG4 titers on a range of Fc-mediated responses. Elevated spike-specific IgG4 reduced binding to Fc\u03b3RIIIa and decreased antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. However, in individuals with lower total spike-specific IgG, IgG4 acted in synergy with other IgG subclasses to improve Fc\u03b3RI and Fc\u03b3RIIa binding and consequently antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis. Furthermore, this trend was more pronounced with more recent SARS-CoV-2 variants where vaccination induced comparably lower total spike-specific titers. These observations were further confirmed by in silico modeling where antibody subclass concentrations and Fc\u03b3R polymorphisms were modulated. Collectively, we illustrate that the impact of elevated IgG4 titers upon Fc functions is dependent on multiple interconnected antibody and antigen factors, which should be taken into consideration when dissecting the mechanisms driving an effective Fc-mediated response following vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ads1482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T18:58:46Z","timestamp":1740596326000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Increased SARS-CoV-2 IgG4 has variable consequences dependent upon Fc function, Fc receptor polymorphism, and viral variant"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5683-8852","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"L. 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Mark","family":"Hogarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia."},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia."},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9072-1017","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Juno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4197-2573","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lilith F.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter 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