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As an effective and timely approach of mitigating indoor PM\n            <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n            pollution, air purifiers incur notable associated costs. However, the long-term global population exposure to indoor fire-PM\n            <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n            and the economic burden of using air purifiers remain unknown. Here, we estimated the indoor fire-PM\n            <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n            concentration and the cost of reducing indoor PM\n            <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n            exposure, along with the extra cost incurred because of fire-PM\n            <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n            , at a resolution of 0.5\u00b0 by 0.5\u00b0 globally during 2003 to 2022. Our findings revealed 1009 million individuals exposed to at least one substantial indoor wildfire-air pollution day per year. We identified pronounced socioeconomic disparities in the costs of mitigating indoor PM\n            <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n            exposure, with low-income countries bearing a disproportionately higher economic burden, emphasizing the critical need for addressing these disparities.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ads4360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T17:59:43Z","timestamp":1747245583000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Global disparities in indoor wildfire-PM\n            <sub>2.5<\/sub>\n            exposure and mitigation costs"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6965-4821","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dongjia","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China."},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2351-9625","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yongxuan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China."},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5333-3827","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jianghao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China."},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China."},{"name":"Sustainable Urbanization Lab, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1325-6091","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China."},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-021-01224-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-016-0058"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"United Nations Environment Programme Spreading like Wildfire \u2013 The Rising Threat of Extraordinary Landscape Fires (United Nations Environment Programme 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr2028985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-024-02452-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-020-0085-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(23)00235-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107684"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108583"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21708-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168134"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.12.086"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00173-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00200-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06398-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","unstructured":"X. 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