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After being specifically uptaken by the postsynaptic interneurons innervated by corticospinal tract (CST) axons, Glu-UCNP not only serves as internal light transducers that convert near-infrared light to visible light but also acts as nanobeacons that guide axonal sprouting toward postsynaptic neurons of glutamatergic synapses. This in situ optogenetic modulation successfully demonstrated the restoration of spinal motor circuits by rebuilding functional connections between CST axons and postsynaptic interneurons. It was corroborated by live-cell recording, immunofluorescence staining, in vivo Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    imaging, and pellet-reaching tests. Transcriptome sequencing further elucidated the molecular network changes underlying this optogenetic modulation. These findings highlight the potential therapeutic applications of optogenetic modulation in the reassembly of neural circuits after SCI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ads4938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T17:58:22Z","timestamp":1754071102000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Precise rewiring of corticospinal axons and spinal interneurons via near-infrared optogenetics for spinal cord injury treatment"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2130-3846","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhe","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China."},{"name":"Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0729-1448","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenxi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China."},{"name":"Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8578-2133","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shoupeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Neurobiology &amp; 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