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Here, we reconstruct the population dynamics of Atlantic cod, one of the world\u2019s most harvested fish species, from the pristine state during the Viking era through more than 1100 years of fishing. Analysis of cod otoliths recovered during archaeological excavations of Icelandic fish processing sites revealed that cod in the 10th to 12th centuries were 25% larger and up to 300% older than modern, despite slower density-dependent growth rates attributed to the sixfold increase in abundance. Fishing mortality came to dominate a time-invariant natural mortality rate and other population characteristics after the 14th century, with minimal evidence of environmental effects at the century scale. Despite the absence of catch records and surveys, biological reference points based on pristine fish populations are now possible where otolith collections are available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adt4782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T13:59:36Z","timestamp":1738763976000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Mortality drives production dynamics of Atlantic cod through 1100 years of commercial fishing"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7453-3761","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Steven E.","family":"Campana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9864-1521","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"George","family":"Hambrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Misarti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habiba","family":"Moshfeka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA."},{"name":"Department of Fisheries, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4356-4554","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mary","family":"Efird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5986-0193","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sara M.","family":"Schaal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2814-9160","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gu\u00f0bj\u00f6rg \u00c1sta","family":"\u00d3lafsd\u00f3ttir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of the Westfjords, University of Iceland, Bolungarvik, Iceland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3663-1205","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ragnar","family":"Edvardsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of the Westfjords, University of Iceland, Bolungarvik, Iceland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4518-7801","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"\u00c1rni Dan\u00edel","family":"J\u00fal\u00edusson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stefansson Arctic Institute, Akureyri, Iceland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2160-5380","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Einar","family":"Hj\u00f6rleifsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Hafnarfj\u00f6r\u00f0ur, Iceland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank J.","family":"Feeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Cesario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5872-241X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lilja Bj\u00f6rk","family":"Palsd\u00f3ttir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00e1sk\u00f3linn \u00e1 H\u00f3lum, H\u00f3lar University, H\u00f3lar, Iceland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"T. 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G.","year":"1972","unstructured":"J. G. Pope, An investigation of the accuracy of virtual population analysis using cohort analysis. ICNAF Res. Bull. 9, 65\u201374 (1972).","journal-title":"ICNAF Res. Bull."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-4571.2010.00128.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2881(08)60212-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2001.1853"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2004.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2114904119"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. W. Reynolds M. E. Casterlin \u201cThe role of temperature in the environmental physiology of fishes\u201d in Environmental Physiology of Fishes (Springer 1980) pp. 497\u2013518.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-3659-2_19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f06-167"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054339"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/faf.12424"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/14-1862.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901690106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","unstructured":"J. Sigur\u00f0sson P. E. Olason B. Thorsteinsson Eds. \u201c397. 18. desember 1497. \u00cd Lund\u00fanum\u201d in Diplomatarium Islandicum \u00cdslenskt Fornbr\u00e9fasafn sem hefir inni a\u00f0 halda br\u00e9f og gj\u00f6rninga d\u00f3ma og m\u00e1ldaga og a\u00f0rar skr\u00e1r er snerta \u00cdsland e\u00f0a \u00edslenska menn. [The Icelandic Collection of Old Documents which contains letters and deed court decisions and muniments and other documents that pertain to Iceland or Icelandic People] (Kaupmannah\u00f6fn 1903). vol. 374."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Hilborn C. J. Walters Eds. Quantitative Fisheries Stock Assessment: Choice Dynamics and Uncertainty (Springer Science & Business Media 1992) vol. 201.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-3598-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","first-page":"2571","article-title":"Consequences of fisheries-induced evolution for population productivity and recovery potential","volume":"279","author":"Kuparinen A.","year":"2012","unstructured":"A. Kuparinen, J. A. Hutchings, Consequences of fisheries-induced evolution for population productivity and recovery potential. Proc. Biol. Sci. 279, 2571\u20132579 (2012).","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. 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A.","year":"1994","unstructured":"S. A. Schopka, Fluctuations in the cod stock off Iceland during the twentieth century in relation to changes in the fisheries and environment. ICES Mar. Sci. Symp. 198, 175\u2013193 (1994).","journal-title":"ICES Mar. Sci. Symp."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","unstructured":"P. M. Hansen A. S. Jensen \u00c5. W. T\u00e5ning Cod marking experiments in the waters of Greenland 1924-1933 Meddelelser fra Kommissionen for Danmarks Fiskeri- og Havunders\u00f8gelser. Serie: Fiskeri 10 (Reitzel 1935)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","unstructured":"A. D. J\u00fal\u00edusson Af hverju str\u00e1i. Saga af bygg\u00f0 grasi og b\u00e6ndum (H\u00e1sk\u00f3la\u00fatg\u00e1fa 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","unstructured":"R Core Team R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing 2023); https:\/\/R-project.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","unstructured":"R. V. 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Dinno FSA: Simple fisheries stock assessment methods [R package version 0.9 4] (2023)."}],"container-title":["Science Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.adt4782","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.adt4782","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T12:06:24Z","timestamp":1743768384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.adt4782"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/sciadv.adt4782"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.adt4782","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eadt4782"}}