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These microcarriers provided a favorable microenvironment for large-scale cell expansion while maintaining stemness with ideal mechanical properties for ocular application. In vitro, RGD-Alg@MSCs demonstrated significantly enhanced therapeutic effects compared to conventional MSCs, including improved cell viability, reduced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species, and enhanced release of immunomodulatory factors. Transcriptomic analysis revealed distinct molecular mechanisms underlying these enhanced therapeutic effects. In the mouse model, RGD-Alg@MSCs exhibited prolonged ocular retention and enhanced tear production, promoted corneal healing, and suppressed inflammation by inhibiting dendritic cell activation and T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    17 differentiation. Our microcarrier system substantially improves stem cell delivery efficiency for treating autoimmune DED.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adu9772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T17:58:41Z","timestamp":1758736721000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["MSC-encapsulated porous microparticle eye drops for autoimmune dry eye disease treatment in NOD mice"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1660-1348","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Taige","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0665-2195","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6409-9300","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9837-9690","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xuebing","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7842-0169","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bin","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9242-4000","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuanjin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13050724"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047081"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-016-0353-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0694-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07855-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.100967"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adh3632"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adj4397"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn6925"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07061-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202214129"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202200648"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6633\/aba482"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"218","article-title":"Microgels for cell delivery in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine","volume":"16","author":"Xuan L.","year":"2024","unstructured":"L. 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