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Through effective diffusion to corneal stroma, bioavailability of hydrophilic small-molecule drugs, hydrophobic drugs, and macromolecular protein drugs through an A-MN patch was 24.36, 17.47, and 5.36 times higher than that of free drug administration. A-MNs effectively maintained light transmittance of the cornea with a light transmittance of 96.33 to 100%, which was higher than that of S-MNs. Furthermore, A-MNs effectively avoided corneal tissue and nerve damage along with the pain. The efficiency and safety of A-MNs were also examined through both an in vitro cell experiment and an in vivo animal experimental model, which showed great potential in clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adv1661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T18:59:41Z","timestamp":1741373981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["An annular corneal microneedle patch for minimally invasive ophthalmic drug delivery"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0206-1830","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Yueqing Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325600, China."},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, 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