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This suggests that changes in mean rainfall are primarily controlled by the thermodynamic and spectroscopic properties of Earth\u2019s main greenhouse gases: water vapor and carbon dioxide. Consistent with comprehensive general circulation models, our results explain why mean rainfall increases with surface warming at about 2% per kelvin, why this rate is largely unchanged over numerous doublings of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and why mean rainfall decreases in hothouse climates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adv6191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T13:58:21Z","timestamp":1746799101000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A spectroscopic theory for how mean rainfall changes with surface temperature"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0377-6051","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sean","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0016-3470","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert","family":"Pincus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1975)032<0003:TEODTC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49711347517"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3990.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JCLI2144.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL034838"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-011-9159-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720683115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-14-00555.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-16-0019.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD013949"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL043730"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-13-00163.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1928)56<322:FSITR>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.546"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL080096"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2023GL104954"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ado2515"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00167.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","unstructured":"G. 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