{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:24:42Z","timestamp":1787016282298,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"38","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Human attraction to alcohol may derive from an evolutionary association between ethanol and fruits consumed by animals in nature. Fermentative yeasts are widespread in the terrestrial biosphere, and simple carbohydrates underpinning ethanol production are commonplace within fruits. We determined ethanol concentrations within fruits representing a substantial portion of the diet of our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees. Ripe fruit pulp from 20 angiosperm species in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire and Uganda contained an average value of 0.31 (\u00b1 0.21 SD) and 0.32% (\u00b1 0.20) ethanol (weight\/weight), respectively, as scaled by annual chimpanzee feeding time per species at each site. Chimpanzees typically eat ~4.5\u00a0kilograms of fruit per day, corresponding to an estimated ethanol ingestion of 14\u00a0grams (\u00b19), or the equivalent of 1.4 (\u00b10.9) standard drinks by international standards. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that ethanol is widespread within tropical fruits and that modern predisposition to alcohol consumption derives from ancestral exposure to this psychoactive substance among frugivorous primates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adw1665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T17:59:22Z","timestamp":1758131962000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Ethanol ingestion via frugivory in wild chimpanzees"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1183-4222","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aleksey","family":"Maro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA."},{"name":"Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3060-5310","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aaron A.","family":"Sandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bi Z. A.","family":"Blaiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syst\u00e9matique et Biodiversit\u00e9 V\u00e9g\u00e9tale, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt Boigny, Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire."},{"name":"Ta\u00ef Chimpanzee Project, CSRS, Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6490-4031","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roman M.","family":"Wittig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ta\u00ef Chimpanzee Project, CSRS, Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire."},{"name":"Institute for Cognitive Sciences, CNRS UMR 5229 University of Lyon 1, Bron, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7042-5854","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John C.","family":"Mitani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3707-5682","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert","family":"Dudley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA."},{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Republic of Panama."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasrep.2018.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1902668116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/715238"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05517-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/393255"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Dudley The Drunken Monkey: Why We Drink and Abuse Alcohol ( Univ. of California Press 2014).","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520958173"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072419"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2024.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"R. W. Wrangham Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human (Profile Books 2009)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1175824"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1567-1364.12161"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1553"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2014.00017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068734"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44784-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/44.4.295"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/44.4.284"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2023.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.21016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z. Gone Bi R. Wittig \u201cLong-term diet of the chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Ta\u00ef National Park: interannual variations in consumption.\u201d in The Chimpanzees of the Ta\u00ef Forest C. Boesch R. Wittig C. Crockford L. Vigilant T. Deschner F. Leendertz Eds. (Cambridge University Press 2019) pp. 242\u2013260.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108674218.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"120250","article-title":"Amount of plant foods eaten and sexual differences in feeding among wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) of Kanyawara Community","volume":"2012","author":"Chemurot M.","year":"2012","unstructured":"M. Chemurot, G. Isabirye-Basuta, E. Sande, Amount of plant foods eaten and sexual differences in feeding among wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) of Kanyawara Community. Int. Sch. Res. Notices 2012, 120250 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. Sch. Res. Notices"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/44.4.290"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/44.4.315"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00002.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.211729"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801628105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2023.0804"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-006-9085-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.6777"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.160217"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/qjsa.1968.29.330"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.150150"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22513"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2000.1681"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/15685390152032488"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2005.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. C. Mitani D. P. Watts J. S. Lwanga \u201cEcological and social correlates of chimpanzee party size and composition \u201d in Behavioural Diversity in Chimpanzees and Bonobos C. Boesch G. Hohmann Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press 2010) pp. 102\u2013111.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511606397.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041175"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1404167111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-012-0079-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S1062359010010048"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9929059"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsmc\/xtad018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. M. Wittig \u201cTa\u00ef chimpanzees \u201d in Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior J. Vonk T. Shackelford Eds. (Springer Cham 2018).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47829-6_1564-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-020-00185-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. M. Wittig C. Boesch \u201cDemography and life history of five chimpanzee communities in Ta\u00ef National Park \u201d in The Chimpanzees of the Ta\u00ef Forest C. Boesch R. M. Wittig C. Crockford L. Vigilant T. Deschner F. Leendertz Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press 2019) pp. 125\u2013140.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108674218.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","unstructured":"R Core Team A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing (2024); https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/doc\/manuals\/r-release\/fullrefman.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13471"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12872"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syy060"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330720305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1996.0122"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13341"}],"container-title":["Science Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.adw1665","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T17:59:50Z","timestamp":1758131990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.adw1665"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"38","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/sciadv.adw1665"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.adw1665","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eadw1665"}}