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We tested this prediction using computational modeling and simulation of hindlimb muscle activations and femoral stresses across limb postures and body sizes in juvenile to adult American alligators and a scaled model of the extinct giant alligatoroid\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Deinosuchus riograndensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We showed that larger alligators and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">D. riograndensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    encounter challenges in generating sufficient muscle forces to support their bodies and maintain bone stresses, whereas adopting more erect hindlimb postures helps mitigate bone stresses among individuals of similar sizes. These results show how the shift from sprawling to erect limb posture relaxed biomechanical constraints, potentially facilitating the evolution of larger body sizes in terrestrial tetrapods.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adx3811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T17:59:42Z","timestamp":1761155982000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biomechanical simulations of hindlimb function in\n                    <i>Alligator<\/i>\n                    provide insights into postural shifts and body size evolution"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2701-0391","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Masaya","family":"Iijima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China."},{"name":"Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms AL9 7TA, UK."},{"name":"Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-0882, Japan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5026-343X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard W.","family":"Blob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6767-7038","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John R.","family":"Hutchinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms AL9 7TA, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25312"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25310"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1984.10011976"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"A. 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