{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T01:14:41Z","timestamp":1779930881932,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"42","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Self-control requires regulating actions over time, particularly suppressing impulsive actions to obtain future rewards. Using a delayed-response task in mice, we identified distinct cortical contributions to impulse control during waiting. Optogenetic inhibition revealed that the dorsomedial frontal cortex (dmFC) promotes patience, the anterior insular cortex (AIC) drives impulsivity, and the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) regulates temporal precision in waiting. Calcium imaging uncovered region-specific computations: PPC neurons predominantly encoded absolute elapsed time through time cell-like activity, tiling the waiting period independently of patience levels. Their activity predicted the waiting precision. Meanwhile, dmFC and AIC neurons exhibited opposing lick-related activity\u2014dmFC neurons preferentially decreasing and AIC neurons increasing activity during licking. Furthermore, their activity changes during waiting predicted patience. These findings reveal distinct yet complementary mechanisms underlying impulse control during waiting: The PPC encodes temporal information crucial for regulating waiting behavior, while the dmFC-AIC circuit orchestrates a push-pull dynamic to regulate patience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adx4732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T17:58:56Z","timestamp":1760723936000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dissociable cortical contributions to impulse control during waiting"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7718-2737","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Malcolm Ho Zheng","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232 Singapore."},{"name":"IGP-Neuroscience, Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, Nanyang Technological University, 308232 Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5184-708X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tsukasa","family":"Kamigaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232 Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1108561108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2007.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0919-12.2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1702-20.2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(99)00312-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02541.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2516"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.12.052","article-title":"A functional gradient in the rodent prefrontal cortex supports behavioral inhibition","volume":"27","author":"Hardung S.","year":"2017","unstructured":"S. Hardung, R. Epple, Z. J\u00e4ckel, D. Eriksson, C. Uran, V. Senn, L. Gibor, O. Yizhar, I. Diester, A functional gradient in the rodent prefrontal cortex supports behavioral inhibition. Curr. Biol. 27, 549\u2013555 (2017).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3826"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.04.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2000523117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2555"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.11.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.113756"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017252","article-title":"Now or later? Striatum and insula activation to immediate versus delayed rewards","volume":"3","author":"Wittmann M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"M. Wittmann, K. L. Lovero, S. D. Lane, M. P. Paulus, Now or later? Striatum and insula activation to immediate versus delayed rewards. J. Neurosci. Psychol. Econ. 3, 15\u201326 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Psychol. Econ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.02.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.66686"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.86.4.1916"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094765"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0105-17.2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2018.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3865"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14066"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0343-17.2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01356-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25510"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa230"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12354"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1694"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43142-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-07498-x","article-title":"Aging disrupts the link between network centrality and functional properties of prefrontal neurons during memory-guided behavior","volume":"8","author":"Ranjbar-Slamloo Y.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Y. Ranjbar-Slamloo, H. R. Chong, T. Kamigaki, Aging disrupts the link between network centrality and functional properties of prefrontal neurons during memory-guided behavior. Commun. Biol. 8, 62 (2025).","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Gao E. Trautmann B. Yu G. Santhanam S. Ryu K. Shenoy S. Ganguli A theory of multineuronal dimensionality dynamics and measurement. bioRxiv 214262 [Preprint] (2017); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/214262.","DOI":"10.1101\/214262"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12895"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1376-17.2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00910-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.10989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0696-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11129"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-024-00796-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18978","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54760-4","article-title":"Analysis of neuronal ensemble activity reveals the pitfalls and shortcomings of rotation dynamics","volume":"9","author":"Lebedev M. A.","year":"2019","unstructured":"M. A. Lebedev, A. Ossadtchi, N. A. Mill, N. A. Urp\u00ed, M. R. Cervera, M. A. L. Nicolelis, Analysis of neuronal ensemble activity reveals the pitfalls and shortcomings of rotation dynamics. Sci. Rep. 9, 18978 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53907-2","article-title":"Neuronal travelling waves explain rotational dynamics in experimental datasets and modelling","volume":"14","author":"Kuzmina E.","year":"2024","unstructured":"E. Kuzmina, D. Kriukov, M. Lebedev, Neuronal travelling waves explain rotational dynamics in experimental datasets and modelling. Sci. Rep. 14, 3566 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.02.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav7893"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1100907"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749252","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2021.749252","article-title":"Prefrontal-striatal mechanisms of behavioral impulsivity during consumption of delayed real liquid rewards","volume":"15","author":"Misonou A.","year":"2021","unstructured":"A. Misonou, K. Jimura, Prefrontal-striatal mechanisms of behavioral impulsivity during consumption of delayed real liquid rewards. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 15, 749252 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.11.072","article-title":"Reversible inactivations of rat medial prefrontal cortex impair the ability to wait for a stimulus","volume":"139","author":"Narayanan N. S.","year":"2006","unstructured":"N. S. Narayanan, N. K. Horst, M. Laubach, Reversible inactivations of rat medial prefrontal cortex impair the ability to wait for a stimulus. Neuroscience 139, 865\u2013876 (2006).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.08.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.12.070"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2121247119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2121247119","article-title":"Reversing anterior insular cortex neuronal hypoexcitability attenuates compulsive behavior in adolescent rats","volume":"119","author":"Jadhav K. S.","year":"2022","unstructured":"K. S. Jadhav, A. P. Bernheim, L. Aeschlimann, G. Kirschmann, I. Decosterd, A. F. Hoffman, C. R. Lupica, B. Boutrel, Reversing anterior insular cortex neuronal hypoexcitability attenuates compulsive behavior in adolescent rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 119, e2121247119 (2022).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay1186"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1135926"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105334"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn147"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp250"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00251-9","article-title":"Increased activation in the right insula during risk-taking decision making is related to harm avoidance and neuroticism","volume":"19","author":"Paulus M. P.","year":"2003","unstructured":"M. P. Paulus, C. Rogalsky, A. Simmons, J. S. Feinstein, M. B. Stein, Increased activation in the right insula during risk-taking decision making is related to harm avoidance and neuroticism. NeuroImage 19, 1439\u20131448 (2003).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2278-12.2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13186"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1443-13.2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw336"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1996.0014","article-title":"Brain activation induced by estimation of duration: A PET study","volume":"3","author":"Maquet P.","year":"1996","unstructured":"P. Maquet, H. Lejeune, V. Pouthas, M. Bonnet, L. Casini, F. Macar, M. Timsit-Berthier, F. Vidal, A. Ferrara, C. Degueldre, L. Quaglia, G. Delfiore, A. Luxen, R. Woods, J. C. Mazziotta, D. Comar, Brain activation induced by estimation of duration: A PET study. NeuroImage 3, 119\u2013126 (1996).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/85191"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20126"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0028","article-title":"The parietal cortex and the representation of time, space, number and other magnitudes","volume":"364","author":"Bueti D.","year":"2009","unstructured":"D. Bueti, V. Walsh, The parietal cortex and the representation of time, space, number and other magnitudes. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 364, 1831\u20131840 (2009).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-03-01085.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21191","article-title":"Fast forward: Supramarginal gyrus stimulation alters time measurement","volume":"22","author":"Wiener M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"M. Wiener, R. Hamilton, P. Turkeltaub, M. S. Matell, H. B. Coslett, Fast forward: Supramarginal gyrus stimulation alters time measurement. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 22, 23\u201331 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00185-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.08.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804216105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1159775"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3827"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2013250117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-1063(2000)10:4<420::AID-HIPO8>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.06.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06279.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2018.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc7246"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71612","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.71612","article-title":"Distributed coding of duration in rodent prefrontal cortex during time reproduction","volume":"10","author":"Henke J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"J. Henke, D. Bunk, D. von Werder, S. H\u00e4usler, V. L. Flanagin, K. Thurley, Distributed coding of duration in rodent prefrontal cortex during time reproduction. eLife 10, e71612 (2021).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4554"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.04.027"}],"container-title":["Science Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.adx4732","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T17:59:41Z","timestamp":1760723981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.adx4732"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"42","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/sciadv.adx4732"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.adx4732","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eadx4732"}}