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Our findings reveal that DBS during fast movements enhanced future movement speed more than DBS during slow movements, raising movement speed to the level of healthy controls. To understand which brain circuits mediate this neurophysiological mechanism, we investigated the behavioral effects using magnetic resonance imaging connectomics and motor cortex electrocorticography. Last, we demonstrate that machine learning\u2013based brain signal decoding can be used to predict continuous movement speed for fully embedded state-dependent closed-loop algorithms. Our findings provide important evidence for reinforcement-based DBS circuit mechanisms that may inspire previously unexplored treatment avenues for dopaminergic disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adx6849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T18:01:02Z","timestamp":1757527262000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Differential modulation of movement speed with state-dependent deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1717-1378","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alessia","family":"Cavallo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany."},{"name":"Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany."},{"name":"Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5219-1289","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard M.","family":"K\u00f6hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1280-5928","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Johannes L.","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1015-093X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeroen G. 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