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Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ustilaginoidea virens<\/jats:italic>\n                    effector SCRE2 has been previously identified to be an essential virulence factor. To elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying SCRE2 virulence function, we identify that SCRE2 interacts with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Oryza sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                    S-like ribonuclease family member OsRNS4. As a catalytically inactive RNase, OsRNS4 positively regulates rice immunity, depending on its RNA binding ability. OsRNS4 is unconventionally secreted through tetraspanin-positive extracellular vesicles (EVs). OsRNS4 binds to certain groups of rice miRNAs, whereas SCRE2 prevents the binding of OsRNS4 to miRNAs. Especially, OsRNS4-bound miR528-5p in rice is detected in false smut balls and silences the gene\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">UvSfk1<\/jats:italic>\n                    essential for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">U. virens<\/jats:italic>\n                    virulence. Thus, OsRNS4 might act as a carrier to transport miRNAs from rice into fungi, which target the virulence genes in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">U. virens<\/jats:italic>\n                    and thereby contributes to rice resistance against fungal pathogens. As an unidentified counter-defense mechanism, SCRE2 suppresses cross-kingdom RNA interference to promote infection through inhibiting OsRNS4 binding to miRNAs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adx7385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T18:58:53Z","timestamp":1770231533000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["OsRNS4-mediated cross-kingdom RNA interference is inhibited by\n                    <i>Ustilaginoidea virens<\/i>\n                    effector SCRE2 to promote infection in rice"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9472-9836","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Han","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and 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