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Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Continuous fetal movement monitoring in late pregnancy may improve fetal wellbeing and pregnancy outcomes. While fetal movements can be visualized with ultrasound, it is intermittent and limited to clinical settings. Inertial measurement units may enable at-home fetal monitoring but usually require a large-footprint, multisensor design. Here, we report smart, compact wearable pressure-strain combo sensors continuously monitoring fetal movements through maternal abdominal skin motions. In the 2D and 3D artificial abdomen systems, our octagonal-shaped gold nanowire\u2013based strain sensor served as an isotropic sensor, enabling omnidirectional simulated \u201ckicking load\u201d detection within an area of ~77 (2D) and\u00a0~217 cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    (3D), while an interdigitated electrode\u2013based pressure sensor showed highly sensitive localized load detection. Building upon these findings, we designed compact pressure- and strain-sensing integrated Band-Aids and tested on 59 pregnant women. We developed machine learning models to distinguish fetal from nonfetal movements with &gt;90% accuracy in ultrasound-based validation studies. This AI-powered, Band-Aid\u2013like sensing system offers potential as a compact, comfortable, and accurate continuous out-of-hospital fetal movement monitoring technology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ady2661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T19:01:51Z","timestamp":1764183711000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["An intelligent, compact wearable pressure-strain combo sensor system for continuous fetal movement monitoring"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3072-6307","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lim Wei","family":"Yap","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Darlington, New South Wales 2008, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4352-1933","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arie","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1549-9657","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yiwen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIM for Health Lab, Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9021-9716","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Duong","family":"Nhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIM for Health Lab, Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6904-1706","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shu","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritesh","family":"Warty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4301-8484","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Vera Anaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1246-5070","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qinhao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Darlington, New South Wales 2008, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Darlington, New South Wales 2008, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5386-8765","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rui","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Darlington, New South Wales 2008, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0675-6891","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIM for Health Lab, Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4168-2998","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Talha","family":"Ilyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIM for Health Lab, Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinayak","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, 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Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Limas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Perinatal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Kolling Institute, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7700-6123","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sharon","family":"A. McCracken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Perinatal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Kolling Institute, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia."},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Perinatal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Kolling Institute, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia."},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben W.","family":"Mol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4506-5233","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Euan M.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7591-0864","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arnold Lining","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Darlington, New South Wales 2008, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5880-8673","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zongyuan","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIM for Health Lab, Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0551-1611","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Faezeh","family":"Marzbanrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2346-4970","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wenlong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Darlington, New South Wales 2008, Australia."},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)91681-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gyobfe.2005.07.041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"S. Preston K. Mahomed Y. Chadha V. Flenady G. Gardener J. MacPhail L. Conway L. Koopmans T. Stacey A. Heazell R. Fretts F. Fr\u00f8en \u201cClinical practice guideline for the management of women who report decreased fetal movements \u201d (The Australia and New Zealand Stillbirth Alliance (ANZSA) 2010)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12762"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"CD004909","article-title":"Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing","volume":"2015","author":"Mangesi L.","year":"2015","unstructured":"L. Mangesi, G. J. Hofmeyr, V. Smith, R. M. Smyth, Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2015, CD004909 (2015).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. 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Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2017.0593"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irbm.2019.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Layeghy G. Azemi P. Colditz B. Boashash Non-invasivemonitoring of fetal movements using time-frequency features of accelerometry in IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSp 2014) Florence Italy 2014 (United States Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Piscataway NJ 2014).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2014.6854429"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. O. Bobrova Y. A. Zhivolupova Automatic detection of abnormal fetal states by means of a personal monitoring system Proceedings of 2017 Xx Ieee International Conference on Soft Computing and Measurements (Scm) (2017) pp. 782\u2013784.","DOI":"10.1109\/SCM.2017.7970723"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b04748"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b05019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201903789"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(82)90033-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(82)90106-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.2740"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMC.0000000000001048"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2004.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90535-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003645"}],"container-title":["Science Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.ady2661","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T19:03:18Z","timestamp":1764183798000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.ady2661"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"48","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/sciadv.ady2661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.ady2661","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eady2661"}}