{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T15:54:46Z","timestamp":1792079686975,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"9","funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Defense","award":["\u201cRIPANE project\u201d (CIG 7700832F96)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u201cRIPANE project\u201d (CIG 7700832F96)"]}]},{"name":"University of Padova, Italy","award":["DOR 205071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOR 205071"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Botulism is a life-threatening disease caused by botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) released by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridium<\/jats:italic>\n                    bacteria. BoNTs induce a flaccid paralysis by blocking neurotransmitter release from peripheral cholinergic neurons via soluble\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    -ethylmaleimide\u2013sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) cleavage. The enteric nervous system (ENS) controls antimicrobial defense reactions within the intestine through neuron-released mediators. Here, we show that subclinical doses of BoNT\/A and BoNT\/B, which are not sufficient to cause botulism when released in the intestinal lumen, paralyze ENS neurons favoring infection by prototypic bacterial pathogens such as\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The BoNTs reduce the release of mucin, decreasing the protective barrier against bacterial infection. These findings disclose previously unrecognized functions of BoNTs and roles in intestinal infections. Moreover, they indicate that BoNTs are valuable tools for investigating the ENS neuron involvement in the intestinal defense reactions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ady9407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T18:59:04Z","timestamp":1772045944000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Enteric botulinum neurotoxins facilitate infection by\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Shigella<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0894-8499","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Federico","family":"Fabris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3279-9000","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paola","family":"Brun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35100, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7971-5310","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aram","family":"Megighian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5564-7010","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giulia","family":"Bernab\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35100, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignazio","family":"Castagliuolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35100, Italy."},{"name":"Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Padova 35128, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2373-1549","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ilenia","family":"Drigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Microbiology Veterinary Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Villorba di Treviso 31020, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5034-3704","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luca","family":"Bano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Microbiology Veterinary Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Villorba di Treviso 31020, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florigio","family":"Lista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Policlinico Militare, Rome 00184, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4305-7694","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria Lina","family":"Bernardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biotechnology, \u201cCharles Darwin,\u201d University of Rome 1 \u201cLa Sapienza,\u201d Rome 00185, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3204-1037","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eric A.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53707, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7361-5688","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cesare","family":"Montecucco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy."},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padova 35131, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6113-3857","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ornella","family":"Rossetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy."},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padova 35131, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/444507"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0072-9752(07)01511-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.2.298-314.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.713101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2023.2205251"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"L. 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