{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T19:04:26Z","timestamp":1763751866519,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"47","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (dDNP) increases the sensitivity of magnetic resonance experiments by &gt;10\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    -fold, permitting isotopically labeled molecules to be transiently visible in magnetic resonance imaging scans. dDNP mechanistically takes place at ~1\u00a0K and requires unpaired electrons and microwaves. These electrons are usually chemical radicals, requiring removal by filtration prior to injection into humans. Alternative sources, such as ultraviolet irradiation, generate lower polarization and require cryogenic transport. We present ultrahigh\u2013dose rate electron irradiation as an alternative for generating nonpersistent radicals in alanine\/glycerol mixtures. These are stable for months at room temperature, quench spontaneously upon dissolution, are present in dose-dependent concentrations, and generate comparable nuclear polarization (17%) to trityl radicals used clinically (19%) through a previously unknown mechanism we believe to involve partial ordering and electron-electron interactions. Owing to the large radiation doses required, this process is sterilizing, permits imaging of alanine metabolism in vivo in the rat kidney, and may aid clinically translating dDNP.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adz4334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T18:59:23Z","timestamp":1763751563000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stable electron-irradiated [1-\n                    <sup>13<\/sup>\n                    C]alanine radicals for metabolic imaging with dynamic nuclear polarization"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4973-3347","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Catriona H. E.","family":"Rooney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7316-811X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Justin Y. C.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GE HealthCare, Waukesha, WI, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5512-9870","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Esben S. S.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7390-6071","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nichlas Vous","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4508-2249","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Duy A.","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0300-5790","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kristoffer","family":"Petersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5148-0161","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Iain D. C.","family":"Tullis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Borivoj","family":"Vojnovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0919-4505","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sean","family":"Smart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5935-9112","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced ESR, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3612-2401","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zoe","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oxford, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7838-4241","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jarrod","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Material Science, University of Oxford, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4143-3729","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brett W. C.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6413-2841","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alice M.","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Research Facility for Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Photon Science Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2491-3184","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lotte Bonde","family":"Bertelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0317-2911","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christoffer","family":"Laustsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0780-8905","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Damian J.","family":"Tyler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK."},{"name":"OCMR, Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6258-1299","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jack J.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006070"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2017.07.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-0749"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"24","article-title":"Kinetic and perfusion modeling of hyperpolarized 13C pyruvate and urea in cancer with arbitrary RF flip angles","volume":"4","author":"Bahrami N.","year":"2014","unstructured":"N. Bahrami, C. L. Swisher, C. Von Morze, D. B. Vigneron, P. E. Z. Larson, Kinetic and perfusion modeling of hyperpolarized 13C pyruvate and urea in cancer with arbitrary RF flip angles. Quant. Imaging Med. Surg. 4, 24\u201332 (2014).","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21256"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2017.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.08.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neo.2018.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22264"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2012.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4362"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2011.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2012.06.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101885"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2013.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01736-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17758-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21460"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2017-311726.234"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.024919"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28639"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-15-93"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. J. Miller J. Lau D. Tyler \u201cHyperpolarized MR in cardiology: Probing the Heart of Life \u201d in Advances in Magnetic Resonance Technology and Applications (Elsevier 2021) vol. 3 pp. 217\u2013256.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-822269-0.00006-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvp396"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs192"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.12.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-022-00860-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-018-0495-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2017.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29875"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27537"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15757"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.6b00277"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42004-020-0301-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1314928110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c04041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","unstructured":"A. Apps \u201cThe Development and Application of Novel Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic and Imaging Techniques to Assess Cardiac Energetics and Substrate Handling in the Human Heart \u201d thesis University of Oxford (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","unstructured":"J. A. Urbahn J. H. Ardenkj\u00e6r-Larsen A. M. Leach E. J. Telfeyan D. K. Dietrich K. David W. D. Brandon P. Miller E. W. Stautner Fluid path system for dissolution and transport of a hyperpolarized material (2014); https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US8731640B2\/en."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2021.109795"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Capozzi M. Karlsson Y. Zhao J. Kilund Esben Sovso Szocska Hansen L. B. Bertelsen C. Laustsen Jan Henrik Ardenkjaer-Larsen M. H. Lerche In-vivo real-time 13C-MRSI without polarizer on site: Across cities transportable hyperpolarization using UV-induced labile radicals. arXiv:2503.18537 [physics.chem-ph] (2025).","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6490603\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2005.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-806X(99)00338-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(76)90211-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1972132159"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2008.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-022-00697-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/abd672"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2023.1185237"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp026023c"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00268976.2018.1456684"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpca.7b06447"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2003)159[0023:ARPPOT]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C3CP54441A"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp972158k"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.443511"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1700912"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.443510"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp990942u"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","first-page":"3735","article-title":"BayesOpt: A Bayesian optimization library for nonlinear optimization, experimental design and bandits","volume":"15","author":"Martinez-Cantin R.","year":"2014","unstructured":"R. Martinez-Cantin, BayesOpt: A Bayesian optimization library for nonlinear optimization, experimental design and bandits. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 15, 3735\u20133739 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1671342"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.9b01306"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2024.107670"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00723-021-01335-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3526486"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CP00453H"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889898009856"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","unstructured":"L. Lutterotti H. Wenk S. Matthies MAUD (Material Analysis Using Diffraction): A User Friendly Java Program for Rietveld Texture Analysis and More in Proceeding of the Twelfth International Conference on Textures of Materials (ICOTOM-12) (NRC Research Press vol. 2 1999) pp. 1599\u20131604; https:\/\/iris.unitn.it\/handle\/11572\/57067."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889806025921"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b419295h"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2021.108171"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma0346658"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2010.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3700154"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","unstructured":"A. Richards Technical Note on ARC facility and service deployment for publication reference University of Oxford Advanced Research Computing (2015); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.22558."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2017.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2018.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/21\/39\/395502"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-020-04229-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/41\/3\/002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b002283g"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28326"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29239"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2011.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25532"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1492(200004)13:2<72::AID-NBM610>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1733835100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2017-312356"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.316260"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","unstructured":"P. Larson S. Sahin E. Milshteyn X. Liu J. Gordon korench1 X. Zhu J. Maidens acatbennett hychen88 N. V. Christensen J. Bernard H. Shang LarsonLab\/Hyperpolarized-Mri-Toolbox: Updated READMEs Visualization Tools and bSSFP Fitting (2024); doi:10.5281\/zenodo.10915690."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1682"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmre.1998.1438"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13975"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CP02600B"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.115.156364"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3571206"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","unstructured":"DIN Deutsches Institut f\u00fcr Normung e.V. DIN-Normenausschuss Gesundheitstechnologien DIN EN ISO 11137-2: 2023-08: Sterilization of Health Care Products-Radiation. Pt. 2: Establishing the Sterilization Dose (ISO 11137-2: 2013 + Amd 1: 2022); German Version EN ISO 11137-2: 2015 + A1: 2023 (2025); https:\/\/inis.iaea.org\/records\/6c4pf-h4d55."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","unstructured":"E. Hoxey \u201cMedical Device White Paper Series on Sterilization\u2014Regulatory Requirements and Supporting Standards\u201d (BSI National Standards Body 2020); https:\/\/sfsap.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Sterilization_Revised1.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26662"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4303"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20312-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cg200090u"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00954455"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0957-4166(02)00658-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3866\/PKU.WHXB20100912"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2018.11.048"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S2052520623010636"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1150394"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.202300144"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4584"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-0767"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22525"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnmrs.2017.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","unstructured":"IAEA \u201cRadiation Effects on Polymer Materials Commonly Used in Medical Devices\u201d (CRP Report of the 1st RCM for CRP F23035 2021); https:\/\/nucleus.iaea.org\/sites\/diif\/PublishingImages\/Pages\/IAEAPublications\/IAEA%201st%20RCM%20F23035%20Report_Final.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","unstructured":"I. I. White G. Von R. Tandon L. M. Serna M. C. Celina R. Bernstein \u201cAn Overview of Basic Radiation Effects on Polymers and Glasses\u201d (Tech. Rep. Sandia National Laboratory 2013); https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/servlets\/purl\/1671997."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27179"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/3\/8\/013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9601(76)90581-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2005.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2020.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4758060"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9002(03)01368-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aav6909"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4927087"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0241288"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","unstructured":"G. R. Eaton S. S. Eaton D. P. Barr R. T. Weber Quantitative EPR (Springer Science & Business Media 2010); https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en&lr=&&id=sayWdlbWGfw C&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=best+practices+quantitative+EPR&ots=h7wrEVOshI&sig=B3x8L KkLkziEq7H2umcCOF6EhcY."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2006.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9474(83)90217-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-2693(83)91549-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.33.1897"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9474(70)90224-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","unstructured":"M. Berger J. Coursey M. Zucker ESTAR PSTAR and ASTAR: Computer Programs for Calculating Stopping-Power and Range Tables for Electrons Protons and Helium Ions (Version 1.21) (1999)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp980939v"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1089-3156(98)00042-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comptc.2012.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA19508J"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cg301758k"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0263-7855(96)00018-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-648X\/aa680e"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-648X\/aa8f79"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.77.3865"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41524-018-0127-2"}],"container-title":["Science Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.adz4334","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T18:59:47Z","timestamp":1763751587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.adz4334"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"47","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/sciadv.adz4334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.adz4334","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eadz4334"}}