{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T18:35:35Z","timestamp":1787337335075,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"34","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001352","name":"National University of Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-4974-A0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-4974-A0003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001475","name":"Nanyang Technological University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001475","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001348","name":"the Agency for Science, Technology and Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["M24N9b0121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M24N9b0121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of Tsinghua","award":["IFET-THU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFET-THU"]}]},{"name":"Qiantang Science and Technology Innovation Center"},{"name":"Temasek Trust","award":["Wellcome Leap\u2019s Dynamic Resilience Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Wellcome Leap\u2019s Dynamic Resilience Program"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Long-term physiological signal monitoring is critical for accurate diagnosis and effective management of chronic diseases. However, current electrode technologies face significant drawbacks: dry electrodes exhibit high electrochemical impedance and poor adhesion to skin, while wet electrodes suffer from short service lifetimes due to water loss. Inspired by the hygroscopic properties of spider webs, we developed an electronically conductive hygroscopic adhesive (termed as \u201chygrotrode\u201d) that continuously absorbs ambient moisture through a cross-linked, three-dimensional hygroscopic polymer network. This design maintains a low interface impedance and high adhesion energy for over a year, facilitated by absorbed intermediate water that electrochemically bridges the conducting polymer and skin tissue. The specific impedance of hygrotrode is 82.4 times lower compared with wet electrodes after 1 year. We further demonstrate hygrotrode\u2019s suitability for chronic biopotential monitoring and electromyography-based gesture recognition, highlighting its wide-ranging applicability in long-term wearable electronics and human-machine interfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aea3748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T17:58:41Z","timestamp":1787335121000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spiderweb-inspired electronically conductive hygroscopic adhesive for chronic bioelectronic interface"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6425-6510","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lingxuan","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fulin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanqi","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore."},{"name":"Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of THU, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore."},{"name":"Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2268-5050","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zheye","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuoming","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore."},{"name":"Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore."},{"name":"The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0623-9402","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore."},{"name":"Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore."},{"name":"The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3730-1846","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore."},{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore."},{"name":"Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Singapore 308232, Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c12606"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2020.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206157"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abn6036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0040-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0045-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CS00207H"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00823"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08249-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44419-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17619-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2111904118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adj5389"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114756"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202404761"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.8b00602"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04263-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b05658"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1904"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/am504102r"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11100791"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotri.2016.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-4533(00)00003-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.04.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(01)00573-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-023-00573-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.3c00507"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202409071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07161-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00502"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202201768"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202410140"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202000325"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmaterialslett.0c00085"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c07646"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TC03248A"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smm2.1173"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c12823"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202401035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c04962"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202205956"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.202000259"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202001130"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2190288"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202101572"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c01431"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2022.109751"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202200745"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c11921"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.4c01233"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2015.09.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw5484"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-017-6889-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1978.tb02231.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","article-title":"The effects of lithium chloride exposure on the reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"2024","author":"Hatzis G.","year":"2024","unstructured":"G. Hatzis, O. Rossi, I. Testiler, G. Dobbins, E. Homan, The effects of lithium chloride exposure on the reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans. MicroPubl. Biol. 2024, 10.17912\/micropub.biology.000988 (2024).","journal-title":"MicroPubl. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-024-00335-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2025.116453"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.75098"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15183852"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","first-page":"58774","article-title":"Ultrasoft zwitterionic eutectogels for adaptive and durable sensing at dynamic skin interfaces","volume":"17","author":"Wang Y.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Y. Wang, H. Shen, Y. Zhang, Z. Yu, J. Wang, Ultrasoft zwitterionic eutectogels for adaptive and durable sensing at dynamic skin interfaces. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 17, 58774\u201358782 (2025).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2023.132081"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2026.140175"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13010115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adt2286"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202407996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TC03651K"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.5c03079"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-024-4246-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abo1396"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-025-00908-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.device.2023.100182"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac41ab"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-025-01780-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.4c01676"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202308686"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201300614"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TC01888A"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.151595"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2023.101335"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16093499"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsamd.2025.101002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163902"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b10995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1988.tb13565.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2621.1998.00197.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.20190274"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocs.2018.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(66)90275-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2017.01.005"}],"container-title":["Science Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.aea3748","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T17:59:04Z","timestamp":1787335144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.aea3748"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"34","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/sciadv.aea3748"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aea3748","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eaea3748"}}