{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:10:19Z","timestamp":1792084219245,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T2522030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2522030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"JC STEM Lab of Nanoscience and Nanomedicine funded by The Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust"},{"name":"Early Career Scheme from the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong SAR, RGC","award":["27204623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27204623"]}]},{"name":"Materials Innovation Institute for Life Sciences and Energy (MILES), HKU-SIRl"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Real-time navigation of nanorobots with high spatiotemporal resolution and molecular contrast in deep tissues via noninvasive manners has been challenging. Here, we developed near-infrared II (NIR-II; 1000 to 3000\u00a0nanometers) magnetic nanorobots that balance fluorescence brightness at ~1600\u00a0nanometers with magnetic strength, facilitating precise gathering or locomotion of the nanorobots in the peritoneal cavity, hindlimb, liver, spleen, and lower gastrointestinal tract of live mice under real-time NIR-II imaging guidance with high resolution and sensitivity. Two-plex NIR-II imaging enabled precise locomotion by simultaneously providing real-time information on both the location of nanorobots and the position of target sites with molecular specificity. NIR-II magnetic nanorobots remained stable in gastric juice simulated solution (pH\u00a0=\u00a02) for more than 2 weeks. The magnetic locomotion of nanorobots loaded with 5-aminosalicylic acid under NIR-II visual feedback enables targeted delivery to the lower gastrointestinal tract and effectively enhances therapeutic efficacy in mice with inflammatory bowel disease. This platform opens an avenue in precision medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aea5126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T19:00:49Z","timestamp":1767294049000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Real-time near-infrared II fluorescence navigation of magnetic nanorobots for image-guided therapy"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6648-3482","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zideng","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"JC STEM Lab of Nanoscience and Nanomedicine, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7556-866X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhisheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JC STEM Lab of Nanoscience and Nanomedicine, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China."},{"name":"Materials Innovation Institute for Life Sciences and Energy (MILES), The University of Hong Kong-SIRI, Shenzhen, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne Jason","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sixin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JC STEM Lab of Nanoscience and Nanomedicine, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danyang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JC STEM Lab of Nanoscience and Nanomedicine, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2065-2968","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Puxian","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JC STEM Lab of Nanoscience and Nanomedicine, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhexi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JC STEM Lab of Nanoscience and Nanomedicine, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China."},{"name":"Materials Innovation Institute for Life Sciences and Energy (MILES), The University of Hong Kong-SIRI, Shenzhen, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2455-6495","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chuang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangqiong","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Data Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2271-5870","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lianqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7687-3412","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Feifei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JC STEM Lab of Nanoscience and Nanomedicine, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China."},{"name":"Materials Innovation Institute for Life Sciences and Energy (MILES), The University of Hong Kong-SIRI, Shenzhen, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"100777","article-title":"Magnetically driven bionic nanorobots enhance chemotherapeutic efficacy and the tumor immune response via precise targeting","volume":"6","author":"Wang Z.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Z. Wang, C. Wang, Y. Ji, M. Yang, C. Li, M. Li, J. Yang, H. Tang, X. Luo, H. Hao, Z. Liu, K. Chen, Y. Chang, H. Yuan, L. Feng, G. Xing, J. Li, Magnetically driven bionic nanorobots enhance chemotherapeutic efficacy and the tumor immune response via precise targeting. Innovation 6, 100777 (2025).","journal-title":"Innovation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-025-01385-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aam6431"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.adh1978"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-023-00038-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202110625"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-021-01291-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe5914"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abm9132"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2023.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS00309C"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c01234"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq8545"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2022.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abd2823"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202105351"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"100421","article-title":"Ultrasound-responsive matters for biomedical applications","volume":"4","author":"Huang D.","year":"2023","unstructured":"D. Huang, J. Wang, C. Song, Y. Zhao, Ultrasound-responsive matters for biomedical applications. Innovation 4, 100421 (2023).","journal-title":"Innovation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aax0613"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00062"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aaq1155"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202313723"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CS00765A"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16851-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0262-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-023-01083-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2023888118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-024-01517-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-022-01130-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0398-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2123111119"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-024-01391-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c16451"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4476"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-016-0010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05113-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1806153115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1251"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200701726"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13576-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27614-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k1407"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2018.36.4_suppl.787"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-018-0092-1","article-title":"Mesothelioma risk genes revealed","volume":"15","author":"Sidaway P.","year":"2018","unstructured":"P. Sidaway, Mesothelioma risk genes revealed. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 15, 655 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202303361"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201404444"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aaz9519"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2024.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V126.23.2154.2154"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-019-02350-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adc8978"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdz155.382"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00141-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2017.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frmbi.2023.1192316"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00644-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2020.1848516"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Tamura \u201c5.05 - Blood flow measurement\u201d in Comprehensive Biomedical Physics A. Brahme Ed. (Elsevier 2014) pp. 91\u2013105. https:\/\/sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780444536327005116.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53632-7.00511-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202203669"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2318265121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00917-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6093"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-019-0506-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.10.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.113785"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-024-03627-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/2020\/4074593"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.71956"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1042546"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","first-page":"2404","article-title":"First clinical investigation of near-infrared window IIa\/IIb fluorescence imaging for precise surgical resection of gliomas","volume":"69","author":"Cao C.","year":"2022","unstructured":"C. Cao, Z. Jin, X. Shi, Z. Zhang, A. Xiao, J. Yang, N. Ji, J. Tian, Z. Hu, First clinical investigation of near-infrared window IIa\/IIb fluorescence imaging for precise surgical resection of gliomas. I.E.E.E. Trans. Biomed. Eng. 69, 2404\u20132413 (2022).","journal-title":"I.E.E.E. Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-019-0494-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adk8970"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202503307"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2009.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw5096"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0572-y"}],"container-title":["Science Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.aea5126","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T19:00:51Z","timestamp":1767294051000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.aea5126"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/sciadv.aea5126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aea5126","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eaea5126"}}