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Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Anode-free sodium batteries (AFSBs) with near-theoretical energy density hold great promise for next-generation sustainable energy storage systems. However, their practical implementation is impeded by the low operating rate threshold (&lt;1 milliampere per square centimeter) and poor cycling stability, owing to dendritic sodium (Na) growth. Here, a high-rate and durable AFSB is successfully realized via a spatially anion-confined electrolyte strategy. Specifically, positively charged nanoparticles are introduced into the electrolyte to selectively anchor anions, generating localized contact ion pair\u2013dominated solvation to facilitate rapid Na\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    desolvation at electrode interface and form an anion-derived solid electrolyte interphase. Meanwhile, rapid ion transport in the bulk electrolyte is maintained by the solvent-separated ion pair solvation structure in the nanoparticle periphery. These factors conjointly enable flat and dense Na deposition at high current densities. Consequently, an energy-type Na(Ni\n                    <jats:sub>1\/3<\/jats:sub>\n                    Fe\n                    <jats:sub>1\/3<\/jats:sub>\n                    Mn\n                    <jats:sub>1\/3<\/jats:sub>\n                    )O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ||Al full cell exhibits an energy density of 415.6 watt-hour per kilogram\n                    <jats:sub>cathode+anode<\/jats:sub>\n                    even at 1 C (2.1 milliamperes per square centimeter) with 70.2% capacity retention over 400 cycles. A power-type Na\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    V\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (PO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ||Al cell achieves a trebled operation current density compared to the state-of-the-art AFSBs, exhibiting an unprecedented 5-C rate (3.8 milliamperes per square centimeter) with 70.0% capacity retention over 1400 cycles. This strategy presents a potentially universal approach for high-rate alkali metal batteries.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aea9491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T18:58:47Z","timestamp":1770836327000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Spatially anion-confined electrolyte enables high-rate and durable anode-free sodium batteries"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3580-6971","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiangchun","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bioinspired Science and Technology, Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 311115, China."},{"name":"School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, 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