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Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Transcriptional noise contributes to gene expression variability, but its origin and impact in HIV-1 latency remain incompletely characterized. Here, we combine a dual-copy MS2-tagging system with dedicated mathematical analysis to investigate the variability of HIV-1 transcription in live cells. In the basal state, the transcriptional activity of proviruses located in the same cell was uncorrelated, indicating that expression variability primarily comes from the intrinsic stochasticity of promoter dynamics. Upon stimulation with diverse latency-reversing agents, transcription of viral copies became more correlated within cells than across them, revealing a shift from promoter-driven to cell state\u2013driven variability. Analysis of the molecular drug targets confirmed variable effects across cells. 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