{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:29:38Z","timestamp":1787016578393,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"31","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009647","name":"Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ricerca Corrente 2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ricerca Corrente 2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009647","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Ministry of University and Research","award":["(grant number: SOE-0000123) \u201cNICE-MBS, Non-Invasive Cerebellar Stimulation To Enhance Motor Behaviour After Stroke\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(grant number: SOE-0000123) \u201cNICE-MBS, Non-Invasive Cerebellar Stimulation To Enhance Motor Behaviour After Stroke\u201d"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Matching brain stimulation to the brain\u2019s natural rhythms can drive plasticity, yet this principle has rarely been tested in humans. We targeted the cerebellum, a key hub for motor coordination and learning, using a rhythm-tuned protocol that pairs theta-frequency transcranial alternating current stimulation with intermittent theta-burst stimulation to engage plasticity of cerebello-cortical circuits. In young healthy adults, this pairing enhanced fine motor control and hand dexterity, with gains closely tracking physiological markers of cerebellar-driven plasticity. Applying the same approach in chronic stroke survivors yielded parallel behavioral and neural gains, demonstrating preserved rhythm-plasticity coupling despite injury. Control experiments confirmed both frequency specificity and site specificity, underscoring the mechanistic precision of the intervention. By linking theta-frequency cerebellar stimulation to circuit-level and functional outcomes, these findings establish a biologically grounded framework for targeted neurorehabilitation. Rhythm-specific cerebellar stimulation provides a scalable strategy for enhancing plasticity and improving motor function across movement disorders and motor impairments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aeb3579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T17:58:34Z","timestamp":1785520714000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Elevating cerebellar theta oscillations boosts noninvasively induced motor plasticity"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8471-0859","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Danny Adrian","family":"Spampinato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychophysiology, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalisation and Health Care IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome 00179, Italy."},{"name":"Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences (UniCamillus), Rome 00131, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Pezzopane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychophysiology, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalisation and Health Care IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome 00179, Italy."},{"name":"Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ferrara 44121, Italy."},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7267-3253","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alex","family":"Martino Cinnera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychophysiology, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalisation and Health Care IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome 00179, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1555-6418","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Annibale","family":"Antonioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ferrara 44121, Italy."},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy."},{"name":"Doctoral Program in Translational Neurosciences and Neurotechnologies, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5015-5148","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elisa","family":"Dolfini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4006-4629","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lucia","family":"Mencarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychophysiology, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalisation and Health Care IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome 00179, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5074-6094","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matteo","family":"Ferraresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychophysiology, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalisation and Health Care IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome 00179, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katia","family":"Botta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ferrara 44121, Italy."},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2927-2486","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrea","family":"Casarotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ferrara 44121, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2061-9922","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sofia","family":"Straudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy."},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Ferrara University Hospital, Ferrara 44124, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5691-5080","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luciano","family":"Fadiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ferrara 44121, Italy."},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6155-9439","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychophysiology, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalisation and Health Care IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome 00179, Italy."},{"name":"Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ferrara 44121, Italy."},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5521-12.2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2013.00064"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2023.12.129"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00170"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.3639"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00080.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-03-00759.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2025-16.2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116424"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.3.1598"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2013.00125"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90094-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs147"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.11.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.06262"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90044-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2013.00093"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23040-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.044892"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP285566"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-05793-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(99)00040-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00339.2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2018.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.059808"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. W. Krakauer \u201cThe applicability of motor learning to neurorehabilitation\u201d in Oxford Textbook of Neurorehabilitation V. Dietz N. Ward Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press 2015).","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199673711.003.0007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-022-01062-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-23-08432.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.527531"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181a609c5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6353-11.2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.10.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad1dc2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax9538"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.39.6.386"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019912"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.08.022"}],"container-title":["Science Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.aeb3579","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:00:52Z","timestamp":1785520852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.aeb3579"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"31","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/sciadv.aeb3579"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aeb3579","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eaeb3579"}}