{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T18:58:16Z","timestamp":1785351496379,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"31","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/content\/page\/science-licenses-journal-article-reuse"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2032157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2032157"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BII 2021909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BII 2021909"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BII 2213854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BII 2213854"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32OD011121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32OD011121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5 T32 AI007290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5 T32 AI007290"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5 R21 AI169548"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5 R21 AI169548"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009559","name":"Life Sciences Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009559","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010869","name":"Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Environmental Venture Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Environmental Venture Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010869","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006521","name":"Stanford School of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Dean\u2019s Postdoctoral Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Dean\u2019s Postdoctoral Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006521","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Stanford Pathology Department","award":["endowment from the Crown foundation"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["endowment from the Crown foundation"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014895","name":"Open Philanthropy Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010869","name":"Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Environmental Venture Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Environmental Venture Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010869","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bats are major reservoirs of viruses that can be transmitted to humans in zoonotic outbreaks. Antibody-mediated immunity plays an important role in shaping viral evolution and immune evasion but remains understudied in bats. All known mammals have a single immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene locus and up to two light chain loci. We have identified dual IgH loci on separate chromosomes in 26 bat species, highlighting extreme variation of immunogenetic architecture in order Chiroptera. In a model species,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Eptesicus fuscus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , we leveraged single-cell transcriptomes to confirm functional rearrangement and expression of both loci, but with different mechanisms for generating antibody diversity and function. These results provide a foundation for analysis of humoral immunity and pathogen response in bats.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aeb6714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T17:59:11Z","timestamp":1785347951000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunoglobulin heavy chain locus duplication in bats"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6381-9994","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Taylor","family":"Pursell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA."},{"name":"Department of Microbiology &amp; Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1184-392X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ashley","family":"Reers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science &amp; Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1629-2373","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Artem","family":"Mikelov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9806-4349","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Prasanti","family":"Kotagiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9737-2000","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brandon","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4492-4857","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James A.","family":"Ellison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0963-044X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Scott D.","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA."},{"name":"Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4507-181X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hannah K.","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science &amp; Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"6542","article-title":"Antigenic variation and evasion of the host immune response","volume":"89","author":"Parrish C. R.","year":"2015","unstructured":"C. R. Parrish, Antigenic variation and evasion of the host immune response. J. Virol. 89, 6542\u20136550 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01098"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001785"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020178"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-159"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases10040121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1410-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.45"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-010-0425-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-13-261"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109140"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03762-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-486"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2006.02345.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)01005-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1018726108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00929.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.8.1169"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830251244"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2015.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas2016.94supplement4184x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.276676.122"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. D. Ismail \u201cBasic local alignment search tool\u201d in Bioinformatics (Chapman and Hall\/CRC 2022) pp. 407\u2013452.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003226611-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2016.06.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000494"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.add7540"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020345"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abe6291"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-101721-065201"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48934-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0181-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600882"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M001526200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901823"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.1.5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22971"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-7580-5-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.166.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830130207"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901690"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20060087"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa1342"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-44.3.612"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.020073-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064808"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005958"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1323969"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12324"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1901841116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","unstructured":"Committee for the Update of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition (National Academies Press 2010)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2002-3-12-research0072"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq391"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3216"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv362"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","unstructured":"The R Project for Statistical Computing. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkj088"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2016-025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty633"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. J. McMurdie S. Holmes \u201cPhyloseq: A Bioconductor package for handling and analysis of high-throughput phylogenetic sequence data\u201d in Biocomputing 2012 (World Scientific 2011).","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814366496_0023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq166"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syq010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16505"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17651"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3364"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-01767-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr413"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks457"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00358"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1502263"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv359"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0470-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686"}],"container-title":["Science Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.aeb6714","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.aeb6714","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T18:00:27Z","timestamp":1785348027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.aeb6714"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"31","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/sciadv.aeb6714"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aeb6714","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eaeb6714"}}