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Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Precise spatiotemporal control of protein synthesis is essential during embryogenesis, yet directly measuring translation kinetics in vivo remains challenging in vertebrates. In particular, it remains unclear how translation efficiency is determined for key developmental regulators and which kinetic steps limit their production. Here, we used ALFA array\u2013based nascent chain labeling combined with lattice light-sheet microscopy to visualize\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bmp2b<\/jats:italic>\n                    translation in real time and at single-molecule resolution in early zebrafish embryos. When combined with MS2\/MCP labeling to visualize all\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bmp2b<\/jats:italic>\n                    messenger RNA (mRNAs), we found that only some of them are being actively translated, suggesting that limited mRNA translation competence contributes to overall translation efficiency. We found that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bmp2b<\/jats:italic>\n                    translation operates below a maximal initiation regime, as replacement of its untranslated regions (UTRs) with viral UTRs increases ribosome loading. Furthermore, the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bmp2b<\/jats:italic>\n                    , but not\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">actb2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 5\u2032UTR supports cap-independent translation with ribosome loading comparable to cap-dependent initiation. Together, this approach provides a quantitative in vivo framework to dissect translation kinetics during early vertebrate development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aeb6883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:58:33Z","timestamp":1791395913000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Real-time single-molecule imaging in zebrafish embryos uncovers noncanonical translation"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9029-0042","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ma\u00eblle","family":"Bellec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Hessen 61231, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7606-9088","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jie","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Hessen 61231, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9705-8086","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kenny","family":"Mattonet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging Platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Hessen 61231, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7401-4673","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Morisaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1255-6990","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Margaux","family":"Lay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Hessen 61231, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Martin","family":"Maischein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Hessen 61231, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Avinens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 9004, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier 34293, Cedex 5, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Martinet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Hessen 61231, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8517-9342","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Delphine","family":"Muriaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 9004, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier 34293, Cedex 5, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0151-6274","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Stasevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4043-7250","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J\u00e9r\u00e9my","family":"Dufourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 9004, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier 34293, Cedex 5, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0382-0026","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Didier Y. 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