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Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sexing the skeletal remains of young individuals is crucial yet notoriously difficult in archaeology. Children, who cannot be reliably sexed morphologically, are often excluded from gender-related research, limiting our understanding of past childhood. This issue is compounded in contexts lacking grave goods, such as early Christian burials. We conducted genomic screening of 142 individuals from Sweden dating from the late Viking Age to the Medieval period, including 68 subadults and 74 adults from 27 single and 50 multiple burials. To investigate the treatment of children in death and the role of collective graves, we applied genomic sexing and kinship analyses to individuals from three sites. Contrary to the assumption that collective burials reflect close kinship, our results show that children interred with adults rarely shared close biological ties. Burial patterns indicate that gender roles were established early, with both boys and most girls mirroring adult spatial patterns. However, flexibility existed, and extended kinship likely played a central role in structuring these communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aeb8588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T17:58:37Z","timestamp":1783706317000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Equal in death: Ancient genomic analysis of children\u2019s early Christian burials"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6702-8724","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maja","family":"Krzewi\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden."},{"name":"Centre for Palaeogenetics, 106 91 Stockholm, 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Gr\u00e4slunde \u201cReligionsskiftet speglat i gravskicket.: Ny svensk forskning kring senvikingatida gravar och gravskick \u201d in Fr\u00e5n Hedniskt till Kristet. F\u00f6r\u00e4ndringar i Begravningsbruk Och Gravskick i Skandinavien c:A 800\u20131200 B. Nilsson Ed. (S\u00e4llskapet Runica et Mediaevalia 2010) pp. 131\u2013164."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"B. Nilsson \u201cDen tidiga medeltidens likbeg\u00e4ngelse och begravningsbruk i V\u00e4stkyrkan \u201d in Fr\u00e5n Hedniskt till Kristet. F\u00f6r\u00e4ndringar i Begravningsbruk Och Gravskick i Skandinavien c:A 800\u20131200 B. Nilsson Ed. (S\u00e4llskapet Runica et Mediaevalia 2010) pp. 9\u201356."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","unstructured":"B. Nilsson Kvinnor M\u00e4n Och Barn P\u00e5 Medeltida Begravningsplatser: Women Men and Children in Mediaeval Burial Places (Lunne b\u00f6cker 1994)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"S. 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