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Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Iron (Fe) is a critical micronutrient regulating marine productivity and the global carbon cycle, yet its atmospheric dissolution mechanisms remain debated for biogeochemical cycle. The prevailing \u201ciron-sulfur coupling\u201d paradigm has traditionally explained proton-promoted dissolution. However, disproportionate declines in sulfur dioxide relative to nitrogen oxides emissions have created a \u201clow-sulfur, high-nitrogen\u201d atmosphere over East Asia, raising questions about the role of nitric acid. Here, we develop a data-driven framework to elucidate nitric acid\u2013driven Fe dissolution using the nitrate-to-sulfate acidification capacity ratio (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>N\/S<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Results show that nitrate now dominates urban aerosol Fe dissolution, contributing \u223c1.5 times more than sulfate, challenging the long-standing paradigm. Global simulations further estimate that nitrate contributes to \u223c68% of the enhancement in Fe solubility in PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    (particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 \u03bcm) dust relative to preindustrial levels. These findings reveal an emerging nitrogen-driven control on Fe mobilization, emphasizing the need to incorporate species-dependent acid chemistry into models to accurately represent global Fe cycling and its climate feedbacks.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aec0108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T17:58:31Z","timestamp":1787939911000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Emerging nitrogen-driven urban atmosphere control on aerosol iron dissolution for biogeochemical cycles"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3534-1014","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guochen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China."},{"name":"Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, Hangzhou 311231, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiyao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8909-8184","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Air Quality and Environmental Health, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1741-1183","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wenkai","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200230, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minkang","family":"Zhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2755-4454","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qi","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1703-1255","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Air Quality and Environmental Health, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4411-8153","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ruifeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200230, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1579-5948","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuntao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0073-7809","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shixian","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China."},{"name":"Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6249-2280","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pingqing","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4937-2927","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Akinori","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4887-4260","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Weijun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 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